康德自由概念对新兼容主义的启发

Freedom and Duty:Inspirations of the Kantian Concept of Freedom for the New Compatibilism

关于自由和决定论的经典兼容主义存在着严重困难,有些基于欲望或者意志的行为在经典兼容主义看来是自由的,但它们实际上并不应该被看作是自由的。新兼容主义试图克服经典兼容主义的困难,它包括两个主要理论:啮合理论与理由—回应理论。啮合理论试图通过区分两个层次的欲望来解决经典兼容主义的困难。但其理论中的第二层“欲望”其实是理性。由此,出现了理由—回应理论。回应理由理论的缺陷在于未能澄清行为者的理性理由是如何形成的。康德关于自由的论述可以为理由—回应理论提供关于行为之理性理由的解说。

There are serious difficulties with the classical compatibilism on freedom and determinism,namely some acts based on desire or will should not be regarded as free,which are free in the classical compatibilism.The new compatibilism seeks to overcome the difficulties of the classical compatibilism.It includes two main theories,the mesh theory and the reasons-responsive theory.The mesh theory attempts to resolve the difficulties of the classical compatibilism by distinguishing between two levels of desire.However,the second level of“desire”in its theory is in fact reason.As a result,a reason-responsive theory emerged.However,the flaw of the reasons-responsive theory is that it fails to clarify how the rational reason of the agent is formed.With help of the Kantian theory of the freedom,this essay will provide an explanation of rational reasons for the new compatibilism.