哈依德和价值理论的基础

Heyde and the Foundations of Value Theory

哈依德认为,价值是实在的对象和实在的意识之间的实在关系。他指出,(1)必须明确区分“价值1”(某物有价值)和“价值2”(某物是价值)。“价值2是“价值1”的派生物,理解了“价值1”的意义,也就理解了所有其他的价值。“价值1”永远不会单独“被给予”,它是可以被很多个别“物”所共享的普遍性;(2)必须承认至少有两种不同类型的价值:“价值a”(有用性)和“价值b”(愉悦)”。“价值a”是产生效果的能力,某物有“价值b”的唯一依据是产生愉悦和“独特的内在体验”的能力。因此,价值体验包括两个方面:愉悦的感受以及它的客观性基础,后者是一组与“促进生命”的活动相联系的“内在感受”。总体来看,哈依德的观点是,价值是对象与主体之间的相互协调关系(mutual coordination),但它仍然是一个相对于主体来说的价值。

According to Heyde,value is a real relation between a real object and a real consciousness.He points out that,(1)“value1”(the value which an object has)and“value2”(the object which has the value)must always be distinguished.Since“value2”is the derivative of“value1”,the meaning of“value1”is the key to understand all other values.“Value1”is never“given”by itself alone but can be shared by many individual“things”.(2)There are at least two distinct types of“values”that must be acknowledged:“value a”(usefulness)and“value b”(pleasure).“value a”is to be understood as“capable of producing an effect”,while the capacity for producing pleasure and those“specific inner experiences”is the sole basis that justifies us in saying that something has“value b”.An experience involves two aspects:a feeling of pleasure and its objective basis.The latter is a group of special“inner feelings”associated with“life-furthering”activities.Generally speaking,Heyde argues that value is a mutual coordination of object and subject.It is still a value for a subject.