古代汉语程式问候语“幸会”的语用化研究

A Study on the Pragmaticalizaiton of“xinghui(幸会)”to a Formulaic Greeting in Ancient Chinese

“幸会”是古代汉语正式场合初次见面用程式问候语。其“荣幸地会见”义是从“幸运遇合”义引申而来,新义生成的机制是语境吸收。“幸会”从自由语向惯用语的程式化是由古代中国人的交际模式所决定的。古代中国人经常在见面之初通过抒情(抒发见到对方的荣幸之情或对对方的仰慕之情)来恭维对方,从而达到间接问候对方的交际目的。这种程式问候语“幸会”萌芽于唐五代,形成于明代,鼎盛于清代。“幸会”的语用化是以现场交际情景中其施事主语(即言者)、对象宾语(即听者)、处所补语等的语境省等为条件的。

In ancient Chinese,“xinghui”(幸会)is a formulaic greeting used on formal occasion when the speaker meets others for the first time.Its new meaning“it is my pleasure to meet(sb)”derives from its old meaning“it is lucky to have a chance(that S)”,by means of absorption of the conversational implicature of its old meaning in specific context.The routinalization of“xinghui(幸会)”from a free speech to an idiom is caused by the communicative mode of the ancient Chinese.According to the communicative mode,ancient Chinese often compliment each other through expressing self’s pleasure to meet the listener or one’s admiration for the listener at the beginning of the meeting,so as to greet the listener indirectly.The formulaic greeting“xinghui(幸会)”first appeared in the Tang and Five Dynasties,developed in the Ming Dynasty,and flourished in the Qing Dynasty.The pragmaticalization of“xinghui(幸会)”is conditional on the ellipsis of agent-subject(ie,the speaker),the recipient-object(ie,the listener),and even the place-complement in speaker’s speech in a face-to-face communication.