部门宪法、分支宪法学之构建研究

A Study on the Construction of Departmental Constitution and Branchy Constitutional Science

宪法的具体化和普通部门法的提升化的双重趋势,推动了部门宪法的生成和发展。现实存在的不同种类的根本社会关系,是部门宪法赖以生成和发展的客观基础。部门宪法的构成要件或判别标准是有机统一的四个方面:调整宪事法律关系;已有直接的宪法文本根据;已经有或者将有不同效力位阶法律文本规定的有关规范体系;是作为独立法律部门的宪法的最邻近的下位概念或种概念。部门宪法存在具体-演绎、抽象-概括、采借-交叉、实践-提升等四个比较典型的发生模式,具有完整形态、次完整形态、非完整形态等三个构成形态(部门宪法的规范表现样式)。在厘清部门宪法与临近概念的区别和联系的基础上,可以揭示部门宪法的本质属性即调整一定种类根本社会关系的法律规范的总和。应立足我国民主和法治的基本国情,努力构建部门宪法和部门宪法体系。部门宪法的功能在于,丰富宪法的内容体系,细化宪法条款使宪法规范逐层具体化,发现和弥补宪法的内容漏洞和逻辑缺陷,实现不同效力位阶宪法法律规范的有机衔接。分支宪法学是由部门宪法学和非部门分支宪法学(包括交叉性分支宪法学和板块性分支宪法学)构成的整体,应积极构建作为科学、规范、价值、实践之学的分支宪法学,努力创建分支宪法学体系,推动宪法学的发展和繁荣。

The dual trend of constitutional concretization and the promotion of the general departmental laws boost the formation and development of the Departmental Constitution,with different categories of fundamental social relations as its objective basis. The constituent elements or distinguishing criteria of the Departmental Constitution can be viewed as a unity of four aspects such as the constitution text as the direct foundation. There are four typical modes for the formation of the Departmental Constitution: concretenessdeduction,abstraction-generalization,borrowing-crossing,as well as practice-promotion,and there are three constituent patterns: complete pattern,sub-complete pattern and incomplete pattern (the expression ways of rules in the Departmental Constitution). Based on clarifying the differences and connection between the Departmental Constitution and close concepts,the essential attribute of the Departmental Constitution is revealed,that is the sum of legal norms of governing a certain category of fundamental social relations. Considering the fundamental realities of democracy and the rule of law in China,efforts should be made to construct the Departmental Constitution and the system of Departmental Constitution. The functions of the Departmental Constitution include: enriching the content and system of the Constitution,refining the constitutional provisions to make the constitutional norms concrete layer by layer,detecting and making up for the content loopholes and logical defects of the Constitution,and realizing the organic connection between constitutional laws and regulations at different levels of effectiveness. Branchy constitutional science is composed of the science of Departmental Constitution and non-departmental branchy constitutional science (including crossing and module-style branchy constitutional science). Efforts should be made to actively construct branchy constitutional science as a scientific,normative,valuable and practical discipline,construct the system of branchy constitutional science,and thus promoting the development and prosperity of constitutional science.