南通市空气污染对小学生健康危害的现状调查

Investigation on the health hazards of air pollution to primary school students in Nantong

目的了解2017年11月-2018年10月南通市小学生生活居住环境及其患病情况,为针对性地健康教育和采取有效的防治措施提供参考依据。方法采取整群抽样原则,于2018年11月在永兴小学选取3~5年级共600名学生进行问卷调查,包括调查对象的基本情况、生活居住情况、生活方式及相关行为情况,小学生健康状况,小学生居住环境对儿童疾病的影响等,并对数据进行分析。结果住宅附近有环境污染的占29.3%。燃料类型主要为天然气与管道煤气,93.3%受访者家庭使用抽油烟机,多数调查对象均有开窗通风的习惯,冬季开窗通风频率>3次/周的比例明显小于春季和夏季(χ2=41.235、68.549,均P<0.01)。最近一年2.7%的小学生房屋进行装修,4.8%的家庭购置大件家具,17.3%的小学生有不同程度的被动吸烟,17.2%的家庭养宠物,39.2%的家庭使用与空气污染相关的化妆品。14.0%的家庭有空气净化器,仅有2.8%的家庭每天使用空气净化器,教室普遍没有空气净化器;重污染天气19.8%的小学生未佩戴口罩,而佩戴口罩人群中仅有6.8%的人佩戴立体剪裁的防颗粒物口罩,56.5%的小学生佩戴儿童专用类型的口罩。小学生既往病史调查中,近一年内患病率前3位的疾病依次为反复呼吸道感染(7.4%)、过敏性鼻炎(6.4%)和气管炎/支气管炎(6.0%)。女生反复呼吸道感染患病率高于男生,差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.365,P<0.05)。是否有环境污染、是否养宠物的小学生肺炎患病率比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=10.543、4.370,均P<0.05);家中是否使用化学品的小学生气管炎/支气管炎和过敏性鼻炎的患病率比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=5.845、6.298,均P<0.05)。结论南通市空气污染增加小学生患呼吸道症状和疾病的风险,小学生缺少如何正确防范空气污染造成的疾病相关知识,应大力加强小学生空气污染相关知识及健康危害知识的宣传。

Objective To understand the living environment and prevalence of primary school students in Nantong from November2017 to October 2018,so as to provide theoretical basis for health education and effective preventive measures in Nantong.Methods Based on the principle of cluster sampling,600 students from grade 3 to 5 in Yongxing primary school were selected for questionnaire in November 2018,including the basic information,living conditions,lifestyle and related behaviors,health status and the impact of living environment on children’s health,etc.The data was analyzed.Results The percentage of environmental pollution in residential areas was 29.3%.The main fuel types were natural gas and pipeline gas.93.3%of the respondents’families used range hoods,and most respondents had the habit of opening windows for ventilation.Winter window ventilation frequency(>3 times/week)was significantly lower than spring and summer(χ2=41.235,68.549,both P<0.01).In the last year,2.7%of pupil’s houses were decorated,4.8%of families purchased large furniture,17.3%of pupils were exposed to passive smoking,17.2%of families kept pets,and 39.2%of families used air pollution-related cosmetics.14.0%of households had air purifiers.Only 2.8%of families used air purifiers every day.There was no air purifier in most classrooms.19.8%of primary school students did not wear masks in heavily polluted weather,while only 6.8%of them wore three-dimensional cut particle respirators,56.5%of them wore child specific masks.Previous medical history survey showed that,in the past year,the top three diseases were recurrent respiratory infection(7.4%),allergic rhinitis(6.4%)and tracheitis/bronchitis(6.0%).The incidence rate of recurrent respiratory tract infection was higher in girls than boys(χ2=8.365,P<0.05).The incidence of pneumonia was statistically significant in different environmental pollution and pet ownerships(χ2=10.543,4.370,both P<0.05).There was significant difference in the prevalence of tracheitis/bronchitis and allergic rhinitis among primary school students who used chemicals or not at home(χ2=5.845,6.298,both P<0.05).Conclusions The investigation shows that air pollution can increase the risk of respiratory symptoms and diseases in primary school pupils,and they lack knowledge of prevent the diseases caused by air pollution.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the publicity of primary school students’knowledge of air pollution and health hazards.