广西甘蔗种植行为影响因素及成本收益调查分析

Investigation Analysis on Influencing Factors of Sugarcane Planting and Cost-benefit in Guangxi

为了弄清体制机制改革对广西甘蔗种植行为及成本收益带来的影响,对广西335份蔗农的调查问卷表明:(1)农户选种甘蔗的主要原因是糖厂确保收购,与其它作物比较效益高、价格稳;(2)甘蔗成本收益的主要影响因素为:农资、劳动力、地租价格上涨(占88.38%)、甘蔗收购价格(占53.21%)和自然灾害发生(占43.43%);因春秋干旱导致单产下降6.3 t/hm^2,2019/2020榨季公顷成本由上榨季的42035.25元下降至41026.50元(下降2.4%),利润由上榨季的3086.85元下降至1121.55元(下降64%);2019/2020榨季新植蔗收益下滑超过6%而利润下滑64%;(3)人工短缺可通过雇工、机械化方式予以缓解,89.88%的家庭甘蔗从种到收需要雇工;(4)我国甘蔗自育新良种种植面积扩大,‘桂糖42’、‘桂柳05-136’、‘桂糖46’位居种植面积的前三位;(5)广西作物争地现象突出,竞争作物主要有水果、桉树、木薯、玉米等;(6)土地细碎化、种植规模小(以0.67~3.33 hm^2为主,占52.31%)和坡地多(占55.62%)制约了甘蔗机械化发展进程,品种、种植行距(仅22%的蔗农选择1.2 m及以上行距)与机械化不配套问题仍突出;(7)蔗农生产决策更多受到上年甘蔗收购价格以及甘蔗与其替代作物比较收益的影响,决策具有一定的滞后性;(8)甘蔗价调整对种植面积影响的不对称性明显,涨价对面积增加的边际效应不明显而降价引起面积明显下调,土壤资源可得性对种蔗面积影响最大。

In order to find out the influence of the reform of system and mechanism on sugarcane planting and cost-benefit,the questionnaire of 335 sugarcane farmer families in Guangxi showed that:(1)The main reasons for farmers'selection of planting sugarcane was that sugar refinery secured the acquisition,and high benefit and stable price compared with other crops;(2)The main influencing factors of sugarcane cost-benefit were agricultural material,labor,land-rent price increase(accounting for 88.38%),sugarcane purchase price(accounting for 53.21%)and natural disasters(accounting for 43.43%);the reduction of cane yield was 6.3 t/hm^2 due to drought in spring and autumn,cost of 2019/2020 crushing season fell to 41026.50 yuan per hectare from 42035.25 yuan per hectare in 2018/2019(declined 2.4%),while profits fell to 1121.55 yuan from 3086.85 yuan in the previous crushing season(declined 64%);in the 2019/2020 crushing season,the average income of plant crop declined 6%,while the average profit declined 64%;(3)The labor shortage could be alleviated by employing workers and using mechanization,and 89.88%of family need hire labour from planting to harvesting;(4)The planting area of new sugarcane varieties developed in China had been expanding,and GT42,LC05-136 and GT46 ranked the top three in planting areas;(5)The phenomenon of crop land struggle in Guangxi was prominent,the main competing crops to sugarcane in Guangxi were fruits,eucalyptus,cassava,corn,etc.;(6)The land decentralization and small farmers(mainly 0.67-3.33 hm^2,accounting for 52.31%)and more sloping land(accounting for 55.62%)restricted the development of sugarcane production mechanization,moreover,the problem of mismatch between varieties,planting row spacing(only 22%of sugarcane farmers choose 1.2 m or more)and mechanization was still prominent;(7)Sugarcane farmers'production decisions were more affected by the purchase price of sugarcane last year and the comparative benefits of sugarcane and its alternative crops,the decision had a certain lag;(8)The effect of sugarcane purchasing price adjustment on planting area was obviously asymmetric,the marginal effect of price increase on the increase of area was not obvious,however,the decrease in the price resulted in a significant decrease in the area,and the availability of soil resources had the greatest influence on sugarcane area.