古代小说的“春秋笔法”

The Succinct and Implicit Narration of Ancient Novels

由于史传叙事对古代小说的影响,春秋笔法成为古代小说叙事的显著特征。春秋笔法的特点主要体现为隐而不书、曲笔和惩恶劝善三个方面。这三个方面在古代小说中都有所表现。隐而不书表现为内容和人物的选择性缺失或遗漏;曲笔表现为尚简用晦和表里不一,尚简用晦在用词简约、材料选择、视角运用、结构安排等方面都有所体现,表里不一包括人物的表里不一和叙述的表里不一,人物的表里不一指人物自身的言行不一以及人物给人的印象和实际情况不一,叙述的表里不一可以是评论式的"明贬实褒"或"名褒实贬",也可以是描写式的"以乐景写哀"或"以哀景写乐";惩恶劝善可以通过隐恶显善或隐善显恶来达到,也可以通过春秋字法、前后矛盾、参差对照、曲路通幽、欲盖弥彰等曲笔来达到。

Owing to the influence of historical narration on ancient novels, succinct and implicit narration has become a prominent feature of ancient novel narration. The characteristics of succinct and implicit narration are mainly embodied in three aspects: implicit meanings, indirect record, punishing evil and encouraging good, which is shown in ancient novels. Implicit meanings is the selective absence or omission of the content and characters. Indirect record is expressed in the obscure use of simple words and the inconsistent use of words. The former is reflected in simple words, material selection, perspective application, structure arrangement and other aspects. The latter includes the inconsistent characters and the inconsistent narration. The inconsistent characters refers to the differences between the words and deeds of the characters themselves, as well as the impression and the actual situation of the characters. The inconsistent narration can be either critical "praising ostensibly and disparagement actually" or "disparagement ostensibly and praising actually", or descriptive"grief with cheerful scene" or "enjoyment with sad scene". Punishing evil and encouraging good can be achieved by concealing evil and revealing good or concealing good and revealing evil, as well as through succinct and implicit narration, inconsistency, uneven contrast, implicit statement, cover-up but manifestation.