如何协同福利体制与应急体系?——新冠肺炎疫情跨界危机中的制度衔接

How to Coordinate Welfare Regime and Emergency Management System?--Institutional Connectivity in the Transboundary Crisis of COVID-19

突发事件的治理研究存在三种不同的视角:风险管理、危机管理和应急管理。新冠肺炎疫情在三种视角中,分别被定义为风险、危机和突发事件,其侧重点分别是从事件的不确定性、过程和事件本身出发,目标则分别是源头治理、建立预警机制和事态控制。然而,新冠肺炎疫情显然是一场跨越政治、经济、社会等多领域的跨界危机,因此需要采取更加广阔的视角。福利制度在危机管理,甚至是国家整体安全中具有不可替代的功能。福利体制可以与应急管理体系合作形成非常态社会安全网,有效应对突发事件对国家政治、经济和社会的负面冲击。我国通过强有力的政治动员等非医学手段,有效阻击和化解了危机。在跨界危机治理中,强有力的行政主体是核心,政府部门间的合作是制度保障,充足的市场供应是经济基础。跨界危机治理与福利体制的结合,是进一步提升国家安全的重要举措。为此,需要将福利体制建设提升为国家战略,整合应急管理体制和福利体制,强化基层公共安全能力。

There are three different perspectives on emergency governance research:risk management,crisis management,and emergency management.The COVID-19 pandemic is a risk,a crisis,and an emergency.These three perspectives focus on different factors such as uncertainty,process,or the event itself.Their goalscan be to source control,build up an early warning mechanism,or manage the situation,respectively.However,the COVID-19 epidemic is a transboundary crisis across political,economic,social,and other domains.It requires a broader perspective to explore its impact.A state s welfare regime plays an irreplaceable role in crisis management and even affects national security.Ideally,the welfare regime can cooperate with the emergency management system to form an emergency social safety net to effectively deal with the negative impacts of the crisis on the nation s politics,economy,and society.Through strong political mobilization and other non-medical measures,China effectively blocked and defused the COVID-19 crisis.In transboundary crisis management,administrative bodies are the core,cooperation between governmental departments is the institutional guarantee,and sufficient market supply is the economic foundation.The combination of transboundary crisis governance and the welfare regime is an important measure to enhance national security further.Therefore,it is necessary to upgrade the construction of the state s welfare system into a national strategy,integrate the emergency management system and the welfare regime,and strengthen the capacity of frontline public safety.