两种“艺术生产”:马克思“艺术生产”理论新探

Two Kinds of“Art Production”:A New Exploration of Marx’s“Art Production”Theory

“艺术生产”理论是马克思的首创。《<政治经济学批判>导言》中“当艺术生产一旦作为艺术生产出现”一说有可能透露马克思“艺术生产”理论的重要奥秘。马克思研究“艺术生产”主要是对艺术活动作一种政治经济学的考量,而非作一般的艺术评论。他提出两种“艺术生产”的概念,前一个“艺术生产”是指作为人类精神生产方式的艺术活动,它体现着一般艺术规律和审美特征,对于物质生产和社会发展具有相对独立性;后一个“艺术生产”则是指作为资本主义生产体系中的精神生产部门所进行的生产劳动,它将精神产品作为商品形式以创造剩余价值、实现资本增殖。马克思区分出资本主义经济体系中的生产劳动与非生产劳动,而将作为精神生产方式的艺术活动划归非生产劳动,在政治经济学研究和《资本论》撰写中往往将其排除在外。但唯其将作为精神生产方式的艺术活动从资本主义生产体系中剥离和超拔出来,才有可能对其进行独立的、抽象的研究,以揭示其特殊的本质。正是在这个意义上,马克思从艺术生产作为对世界的特殊掌握方式、艺术生产的自由本质、艺术生产的“间接”功能、艺术生产的审美价值取向等方面对作为精神生产方式的艺术生产作出了经典性论述。

The theory of“art production”was first invented by Marx.The words“after artistic production as such has begun”in“A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy”may reveal the important mystery of Marx’s theory of“art production.”Marx’s research on“art production”is mainly a political and economic consideration of art activities,rather than a general art review.He put forward two concepts of“art production.”One refers to the art activity as the mode of human spiritual production,which embodies the general artistic laws and aesthetic characteristics,and is relatively independent of material production and social development;the other is the production labor carried out by the spiritual production department in the capitalist production system,which takes spiritual products as commodities to create surplus value and realize capital proliferation.Marx distinguished productive labor from non-productive labor in the capitalist economic system,and classified the artistic activities as the mode of spiritual production as non-productive labor,which was often excluded in the study of political economy and the writing of the Capital.However,only when the artistic activity as a mode of spiritual production is separated and detached from the capitalist production system can it be studied independently and abstractly to reveal its special nature.It is in this sense that Marx made a classical exposition of art production as a special way to grasp the world,the free nature of art production,the“indirect”function of art production,and the aesthetic value orientation of art production.