朝野互动:海口府城中元节俗历史以来的面貌演变

The Interaction between the Official and the Folk——The Evolution of the History of Zhongyuan Festival in Fucheng of Haikou City

自明代洪武朝以来,海南岛的海口府城中元节对应着当地亚热带天气最热的月份,面临飓风转强的季候,实践国朝"祭厉"的祀典,由郡县而乡村里社,动员各层级官民祭祀本处无祀先民。而府城民间传承着中原祖先文化,本有家家户户中元祭祀本家祖先与无祀孤魂的习俗;因此,自明朝洪武至清代道光年间,府城先民便通过中元正日共同实践国朝祀典,大众也在各自地区的城落寺庙参与盂兰会超度彼此祖先,凝聚其集体社会的地方认同。如此惯俗,却也导致明清两朝府城乃至琼山县一带的家族中元祭祀,推前到七月七日乞巧节举行;无形中反而更加扩大与延长中元信俗及其背景观念传播。虽然郡县厉坛与国朝祭厉的祀典自道光十四年以后在当地渐成历史,但府城数百年形成的节俗习惯并未消退于民众生活,反而扩大为民间各地至今常见的自行组织活动,从初一至十五正日都是过节景象。

Since the Hongwu reign of the Ming Dynasty,the Zhongyuan Festival in Fucheng of Haikou City on Hainan Island has corresponded to the hottest month of the subtropical weather in the region and faced the season when hurricanes become stronger.In this way,the sacrificial ritual of the national regime is practiced,and officials and people at all levels are mobilized to offer sacrifices to the ancestors.Given the inheritance of the ancestral culture of the Central Plains among folks in Fucheng,there exists the custom of worshiping the ancestors of the family and the solitary souls without rituals.Therefore,from the Hongwu reign of the Ming Dynasty to Daoguang reign of the Qing Dynasty,the ancestors of citizens in Fucheng practiced the sacrificial ceremony of the state together by virtue of Zhongyuan festival,while the public also participated in the Yu-lan meetings in urban temples of their respective regions—an embodiment of the local identity of their collective society.This custom also led to the worship of Zhongyuan in the family of citizens in Fucheng and even Qiongshan County in Ming and Qing Dynasties,which was pushed forward to the Qiqiao Festival on July 7,thereby having virtually expanded and extended the popularization of the Zhongyuan belief custom and its background concept.Although the ritual of the folk sacrifice and the state worship gradually became a history in the local area since the 14 th year of the Daoguang rule of the Qing Dynasty,the festival custom formed in Fucheng for hundreds of years has not faded away in the people’s life;on the contrary,it has been extended to the common self-organized activities in various places,featuring a festive atmosphere from the 1 st day to the 15 th day of the festival.