“传衍”与“道统”——《四书大全》中黄榦学术之考察

The Continuity and Orthodoxy of Confucianism:An Investigation into Huang Gan’s Studies Based on The Complete Collection of the Four Books

明代所编《四书大全》,建构“官学”体系下以朱熹学术为宗的四书注解样态,成为明儒学术之基础,补缀阙失之外,更重要是从纷杂讲论中,确立一种诠释模式,运用“以朱证朱”的诠释方式,还原朱熹的思考,又兼取门人语录,从朱熹与弟子讲论中寻求用意所在,成为四书诠释的主轴,师门建构说解体系逐渐形成,其中尤以黄榦的地位与作用最为重要。黄榦为朱熹门人,又是其女婿,捍卫师说,传布朱学,地位特殊,成为“朱熹门人集团”的领袖。《四书大全》引录黄榦说法,《大学》有2条、《中庸》有3条,《孟子》有12条,《论语》有148条,总共165条。这些成为了解朱熹之后深化四书义理最重要的材料。《四书大全》建构朱熹、门人、元儒相承的经说体系,黄榦的四书诠释方向,正是深入门人集团当中的关键,也是了解朱熹学术的第一手观察资料,既可以得见朱熹之后朱门诠释四书的成果,亦可见明儒四书学传衍失落的环节,大有助于四书学术发展的观察。是以列举分析,撮举检讨,期以了解门人思考朱熹学术的成果与方向。

The Complete Collection of the Four Books embodies the system of interpretations of Confucian classics established and passed down by Zhu Xi and his disciples and by Confucian scholars in the Yuan dynasty. Huang Gan was the leading figure amongst Zhu’s disciples. His work is quoted throughout The Complete Collection of the Four Books to make supplementations. More important, for correct interpretations, the book demonstrated Zhu’s thoughts through his doctrines to restore his authentic ideas while quoting from his disciples to dig Zhu’s thought out of his discussions with them. That was the major thread running through the interpretations of the Four Books in The Complete Collection of the Four Books. An investigation into Huang Gan’s studies can help to reveal what was achieved by Zhu Xi’s disciples’ interpretations of the Four Books and what was passed down and what was lost in studies of the Four Books by Confucian scholars in the Ming dynasty. It can also help us to better understand the academic development of those classics.