明代中期关中士人与阳明学的学术分歧

Academic Differences between the Guanzhong School and the Yangming School in the Middle Ming Dynasty

明代弘治年间(1488—1505)的文学复古运动既是一场文学的革新运动,又引发了儒学内部的自我反思与批判。这一时期基于共同的文学追求与政治理想,关中的李梦阳、康海及王九思,与王阳明参与了文学复古运动,后王阳明专注于儒学的革新,形成的“良知”说打破程朱理学在儒学内部的尊崇地位,引发了儒学的激变。面对儒学出现的大变局,关中士人对阳明的“良知”学做出了回应,显示出关中士人与阳明在“良知”“格物”“知行”“工夫”等层面的学术分歧,反映出这一时期关学的朱子学立场。

The revivalistic literary movement during the Hongzhi reign of the Ming dynasty aimed for literary renovation and at the same time triggered self-reflection and self-criticism within Confucianism. Sharing a common literary pursuit and political ideal, Guanzhong scholars Li Mengyang, Kang Hai, and Wang Jiusi, together with Wang Yangming, participated in that revivalistic literary movement. Later, however, Wang Yangming shifted his focus to reforming Confucianism and proposed the doctrine of intuitive knowledge, which broke the dominance of the Cheng–Zhu school of principle in Confucianism. In the face of the radical change Wang Yangming brought to Confucianism, the Guanzhong scholars distanced themselves from Wang with their responses to Wang’s theories of intuitive knowledge, investigating things, knowledge and action, and gongfu, indicating that the Guanzhong school was following Zhu Xi in its pursuit of Neo-Confucianism.