反贫困与国家治理——中国“脱贫攻坚”的创新意义

Anti-Poverty and State Governance:The Significance of China's Poverty-Alleviation

由贫穷所直接导致或者衍生的一系列社会问题是当今世界最具挑战的问题。结构性贫困是困扰发展的国家问题,因此,贫困问题不仅应该被视为国家发展状况的衡量尺度,也应该成为国家治理的任务,反映国家治理的水平。中国扶贫成就突出,尤其是2012年之后在"大扶贫"格局之下开展了"脱贫攻坚战",把贫困治理纳入国家治理的战略目标,实行政府专项治理的方式,动员党政机构、企业、军队、学校、社会组织与团体全员参与,采用精确识别、建档立卡、责任到人的方法,凭借国家制度体系的政治和行政优势,运用中央和地方政府财政储备,精准施策,对口支援,采用产业脱贫、搬迁脱贫、生态补偿脱贫、教育支持脱贫、社会保障兜底脱贫等多种手段,实现了农村贫困人口的大幅度减少。中国贫困治理丰富了"发展型国家"的内涵,为后发展国家走出"中等收入陷阱"提供了经验。

A series of social problems caused or derived from poverty are the most challenging problems in the present world.Structural poverty is a national problem that blocks development.Therefore,poverty should not only be regarded as a measure of national development,but also a task of national governance.China has made outstanding achievements in poverty alleviation.After 2012,the Poverty Alleviation Battle has been launched under the pattern of great poverty alleviation.Since then,the poverty governance was included in the strategic objectives of national governance and special government governance was implemented.All members of the party and government institutions,enterprises,the army,schools,social organizations and groups were mobilized to participate.Besides,the Poverty Alleviation Battle adopted the method of accurate identification,filing and establishing cards and responsibility to the human.With the political and administrative advantages of the national system and the use of the financial reserves in the central and local governments,poverty alleviation implemented precise policies and counterpart support,adopt various means such as industrial poverty alleviation,relocation poverty alleviation,ecological compensation poverty alleviation,education support poverty alleviation,and social security poverty alleviation.The number of poor people in rural areas has been greatly reduced.China's poverty governance enriches the connotation of development-oriented countries and provides experience for post developing countries to walk out of the middle-income trap.