德意志帝国时期的高速城市化与公共卫生危机

High Speed Urbanization and the Public Health Crisis during the Period of Deutsches Reich

高速城市化成为德意志帝国时期城市发展的显著特征。在快速工业化的推动下,大规模农村剩余劳动力流向城市,导致大城市与新兴工业城市的人口急剧增长。传统的公共事务管理体制难以应对日益增长的城市人口带来的挑战,由此导致城市住房拥挤、环境卫生脏乱差、城市生活配套设施不完善、医疗卫生设施严重匮乏等社会问题。这些社会问题致使德国社会下层民众的健康状况进一步恶化,城市人口死亡率居高不下,各种传染性疾病肆虐,从而引发了城市公共卫生危机,客观上推动了德国公共卫生改革运动的兴起。

High-speed urbanization had become a prominent feature of urban development in Germany.Driven by rapid industrialization,large-scale rural surplus labor flowed to cities,leading to a dramatic increase in population in large cities and industrial cities.The traditional public management system is difficult to cope with the challenges brought by the growing urban population,which has brought about social problems such as overcrowded urban housing,poor environmental sanitation,inadequate urban living facilities,and severe shortage of medical and health facilities.These social problems had further deteriorated the health of working class in Germany resulting in the high mortality rate of the urban population and the rampant spread of various infectious diseases,thus leading to the urban public health crisis.The public health crisis objectively promoted the rise of public health reform movement in Germany.