刑法上“禁止类推”禁止的是什么?--一个方法论上的考察

What is prohibited in the“prohibition of analogy principle”in criminal law:a methodological investigation

纵览当前学界研究,"类推""类推解释""类推适用"纠缠在一起,模糊了刑法上"禁止类推"禁止的是什么。正本清源,类推的本质是"差异中的同一",贯穿于人类认识思维的始终。在法领域中,根据作用场域,类推表现出了二维面相,即作为法律发现方法的类推和作为法律漏洞填补技术的类推。一般而言,罪刑法定原则极力反对的不良后果是刑事司法权对刑事立法权的僭越和刑事司法权对国民私权利的侵害。因此,刑法上禁止的应当是作为法律漏洞填补技术的类推。因为,只有该种类推才会因其法外造法特性而造成上述不良后果的产生。既然在刑法上并非禁止所有的类推,那么就应当以刑法规范"可能的文义射程"和刑法规范类型作为区分应允许的类推和应禁止的类推之标准。

The ambiguity in analogy,analogy-interpretation and analogy-application prevents us from telling what is prohibited under the principle of“prohibition of analogy”.Basically,the essence of analogy is“identity in diversity”.Under the scope of law and based on functions,analogy works in the two dimensions of legal discovery measure and legal loophole closing technique.Nothing goes against the principle of Nulla poena sine lege more than the overstepping of criminal jurisdiction on criminal legislation or violation of criminal jurisdiction on civil rights.Therefore,what is prohibited by criminal law should be the analogy as legal loophole closing technique because only such analogy can cause these adverse consequence.Since not all analogies are prohibited in criminal law,the possible range of literary meanings of criminal law and the normative types of criminal law shall be the standard for distinguishing permitted-analogy and prohibited-analogy.