基于公民科学实践的科学民主化理论研究

A study on theories of democratization of science based on citizen scientific practice

公民科学为分析STS进路和科学哲学进路的科学民主化理论的基本共识和主要分歧创造了可能。"基本共识"体现为反对科学自治和将民主化限定在科学的决策维度。公民科学实践表明:反对科学自治的民主化理论与公民科学的民主实践存在"错位";公民科学实践突破了科学的决策维度,延伸到了科学的实施维度,但实践得都不彻底。"主要分歧"体现在科学民主化的理由和限度方面。在"理由"方面,STS进路基于社会学方法和科学建构论;科学哲学进路基于哲学方法和温和实在论。在"限度"方面,以贾撒诺夫为主的STS进路主张科学的三个阶段彻底民主化,以科林斯为代表的STS进路和基切尔为代表的科学哲学进路主张保留一定的科学自治。公民科学实践表明:两条进路都不能为公民科学的民主实践提供充分理由;科学民主化实践灵活而多样,未遵循理论给定的"限度"。总之,科学民主化理论不够完备,公民科学的民主实践不够彻底,二者形成了张力关系。张力关系形成的根源之一是科学民主化理论与公民科学的基本特征,另一根源是科学民主化理论定位的局限和科学民主化实践程度的有限。可通过加强科学民主化理论研究对实践的关注与思考和兼顾科学的决策维度和实施维度来缓解这种张力。

Citizen science has created a possibility for analyzing the basic consensus and main differences of the theory of democratization of science.The"basic consensus"is manifested in opposing scientific autonomy and limiting democracy to scientific decision-making dimensions.Citizen science practice shows that:There is a"dislocation"between the democratic theory of opposition to scientific autonomy and the democratic practice of citizen science;the democratic practice of citizen science has broken through the scientific decision-making dimension and extended scientific implementation dimension,but its practice in both dimensions is not thorough.The"main differences"are reflected in the reasons and limits of democratization of science.In terms of"reasons",the STS approach is based on sociological methods and construction theory;the scientific philosophy approach is based on philosophical methods and moderate realism.In terms of"limits",the STS approach led by Jasanoff advocated thorough democratization of the three stages of scientific research,the STS approach represented by Corinth and the scientific philosophy approach represented by Kitcher advocated the preservation of a certain science autonomy.Citizen science practice shows that:neither approach can provide sufficient reasons for the democratic practice of citizen science;the practice of democratization of science is flexible and diverse,and does not follow the"limits"given by the theory.This shows that the theory of scientific democratization is incomplete,the democratic practice of citizen science is not thorough enough,and the two have formed a tension relationship.The main roots of the formation of tension relations are:the basic characteristics of scientific democratization theory and citizen science;the limitations of the positioning of scientific democratization theory and the limited degree of scientific democratization practice.The two approaches and differences can be resolved and the tension can be alleviated by revising the existing research ideas of scientific democratization theory.