清末上海社会福利机构运行发展特点及医学人文精神管窥——以《光绪松江府续志》为中心

Characteristics and Medical Humanistic Spirit of Shanghai Social Welfare Institutions in the Late Qing Dynasty:Centering on the Continuation of Local Chronicles of Songjiang Prefecture in Guangxu Period

《光绪松江府续志·建置志·公建》载有清末上海地区诸多社会福利机构的相关资料。通过研究这些机构及其章程,发现清末上海社会福利机构服务对象宽泛,同时呈现专门化发展的趋势,覆盖范围广泛,机构设置比较健全,规章制度也较完善。究其原因,商业发展为社会福利机构的发展奠定了经济基础,清末动荡时局也催生了社会需求,而传统的慈善伦理则是产生这些机构的思想动力。进一步挖掘清末上海社会福利机构的医学人文精神,发现虽有其历史局限性,但也体现了一定的积极意义,包括尊重生命,呵护被助人的健康,甚至出现动物伦理思想的萌芽;重视妇女儿童,相关福利机构占有相当比例;既关注弱势群体生存状况,又注意尊重逝者尊严。

There are many documents about Shanghai social welfare institutions in the late Qing dynasty recorded in the Continuation of Local Chronicles of Songjiang Prefecture in Guangxu Period.By studying these institutions and their constitutions,it is found that they served a wide range of people and there was a trend of specialized development with a wide coverage and relatively sound institutional setup and regulations.It is believed that the commercial development laid the economic foundation for the development of social welfare institutions,the turbulence in the late Qing dynasty gave birth to social needs,and the traditional charity ethics was the ideological driving force of these institutions.After further study,it is found that the medical humanistic spirit of these institutions reflected a certain positive significance though with historical limitations.These institutions respected life and cared for the health of people.There was even the emergence of animal ethics.A considerable proportion of welfare institutions paid attention to women and children.The welfare institutions not only paid attention to the survival of vulnerable groups but respected the dignity of the deceased.