美国主权豁免“恐怖主义例外”的发展及其适用困境--兼论对中国的影响

The Development and Application Dilemma of“Terrorism Exception”of US Sovereign Immunity Law

伴随着主权豁免理论从绝对主义向相对主义的转变,美国将"恐怖主义例外"加入《外国主权豁免法》当中,并作为"豁免例外情形"之一。美国2016年通过的《反资助恐怖主义法》又进一步削弱了外国国家的豁免权,旨在加强对恐怖主义受害者的救济力度。然而,该法案一直备受争议,其不但违反美国宪法所规定的权力分立原则,而且其立法目的难以实现,该法甚至还影响到美国与其他国家关系的稳定。中国历来重视在反恐领域的国际合作,反对以反恐为借口相互打压。中国企业应当加强监管,防止被卷入资助恐怖主义的滥诉之中。

With the change of sovereign immunity theory from absolutism to relativism,the United States added“terrorism exception”to the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act.Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act adopted by the United States in 2016 further weakens the immunity of foreign countries,aiming to strengthen the relief efforts for the victims of terrorism.However,this Act has been controversial.It not only violates the principle of separation of powers stipulated in the Constitution of the United States,but also has a difficult legislative purpose.The Act even affects the stability of relations between the United States and other countries.China has always attached great importance to international cooperation in the field of counter-terrorism and opposes mutual suppression under the pretext of counter-terrorism.Chinese enterprises should strengthen supervision to prevent them from being involved in the indiscriminate prosecution of terrorist financing.