基于自我决定理论的养老院老年人身体活动模型验证

Validation of physical activity model for the elderly in nursing homes based on self-determination theory

目的通过明确养老院老年人自主性支持、基本心理需求、动机和身体活动之间的关系,验证中国情景下基于自我决定理论的养老院老年人身体活动模型,为今后的干预提供理论依据。方法于2018年3月7—13日采用便利抽样的方法抽取沈阳市市区6家养老院的204名老年人进行调查,采用自制的一般资料调查表、自主性支持量表、锻炼心理需求满足量表、锻炼行为调节量表-2、计步器收集养老院老年人的基本资料、自主性支持、锻炼心理满足、动机及身体活动水平等资料。采用结构方程模型的统计学方法验证模型。结果模型中的14个路径系数均达显著,χ^2值为44.81,自由度(df)为31,χ^2/df为1.45,比较适配指数(CFI)=0.99,近似残差均方根(RMSEA)=0.05,标准化残差均方根(SRMR)=0.03,显示模型模拟较好。自主性支持通过基本心理需求和动机的完全中介作用来预测身体活动水平,自主性支持对基本心理需求的正向效应量为0.96,3种基本心理需求对动机预测力的排序依次为归属(0.93)、自主(0.88)、胜任(0.81)。基本心理需求对自主型动机的正向效应为0.82,对控制型动机的负向效应为-0.94,对无动机的负向效应为-0.65。自主型动机对身体活动的正向效应为0.64,控制型动机对身体活动的负向效应为-0.22,无动机对身体活动的负向效应为-0.19。结论自我决定理论作为理解身体活动动机产生和发展过程的模型,具有普适性,可应用于中国文化背景下老年人群中。

Objective To validate the physical activity model for the elderly in nursing homes based on the self-determination theory(SDT)under the Chinese scenario and provide a theoretical basis for future interventions by clarifying the relationship between autonomy support,basic psychological needs,motivation and physical activity in the elderly in nursing homes.Methods Totally 204 senior citizens from 6 nursing homes in Shenyang City were selected by convenient sampling from March 7 to 13,2018.The self-made general information questionnaire,Perceived Autonomy Support(PAS),Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale(PNSE),Revised Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire(BREQ-2)and pedometers were used to collected their basic information,autonomy support,psychological satisfaction in exercise,motivation and physical activity.The statistical method of structural equation model was employed to validate the model.Results The coefficient of 14 paths in the model was significant[χ^2=44.81,degree of freedom(df)=31,χ^2/df=1.45,comparative fit index(CFI)=0.99,root-mean-square error of approximation(RMSEA)=0.05,standardized root-mean-square residual(SRMR)=0.03],showing the model simulation was sound.Autonomy support could predict the level of physical activity through the complete mediation of basic psychological needs and motivation.The positive effect of autonomy support on basic psychological needs was 0.96,and the predictive power of the three basic psychological needs for motivation was attribution(0.93),autonomy(0.88),and competence(0.81)from high to low.The positive effect of basic psychological needs on autonomous motivation was 0.82,and their negative effect on controlled motivation and amotivation was-0.94 and-0.65,respectively.The positive effect of autonomous motivation on physical activity was 0.64.The negative effect of controlled motivation on physical activity was-0.22,and the negative effect of amotivation on physical activity was-0.19.Conclusions As a model for understanding the generation and development process of physical activity motivation,SDT is universal and applicable to the elderly population in the context of Chinese culture.