Limited long-distance dispersal success in a Western European fairy shrimp evidenced by nuclear and mitochondrial lineage structuring

Anostraca are known by their ability for long-distance dispersal,but the existence in several species of deep,geographically structured mtDNA lineages suggests their populations are subjected to allopatric differentiation,isolation,and prevalence of local scale dispersion.Tanymastix stagnalis is one of the most widespread species of Anostraca and previous studies revealed an unclear geographical pattern of mtDNA genetic diversity.Here,we analyze populations from the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas,Central Europe,and Scandinavia,with the aim to characterize the patterns of genetic diversity in a spatio-temporal framework using mtDNA and nuclear markers to test gene flow among close populations.For these aims we built a time-calibrated phylogeny and carried out Bayesian phylogeographic analyses using a continuous diffusion model.Our results indicated that T.stagnalis presents a deeply structured genetic diversity,including 7 ancient lineages,some of them even predating the Pleistocene.The Iberian Peninsula harbors high diversity of lineages,with strong isolation and recent absence of gene flow between populations.Dispersal at local scale seems to be the prevailing dispersal mode of T.stagnalis,which exhibits a pattern of isolation-bydistance in the Iberian Peninsula.We remark the vulnerability of most of these lineages,given the limited known geographic distribution of some of them,and the high risk of losing important evolutionary potential for the species.