河南地区新石器时代生业方式初探

A Preliminary Study on the Subsistence Economy in the Neolithic Age in Henan Province

本文通过梳理河南地区动植物考古研究成果,对新石器时代(距今10000年—4000年)河南地区豫北、郑洛和豫西南三个区域的生业方式进行了初步的综合研究和探讨。研究表明,新石器时代中期河南地区是以采集渔猎为主、种植农作物和饲养家畜为辅的生业模式,经过新石器时代晚期的过渡,发展为以种植农作物和饲养家畜为主、采集渔猎为辅的生业模式;新石器时代末期,农作物中新加入了大豆和小麦,家畜中新加入了黄牛和绵羊,多种农作物种植和家畜饲养方式逐渐形成。人类对动植物资源的掌控、文化和资源的交流是生业发展的主因,同时自然环境对生业起到了制约和促进两方面的影响。在古代社会发展与文明进步的进程中,生业起到了不可或缺的重要作用。

In this paper,the subsistence economy of the Neolithic Age(10000 BP-4000 BP)in the North Henan,Zhengzhou and Luoyang,Southwest Henan was summarized and studied according to the discovery and previous re-search of Zooarchaeological and Archaeobotanical data.Our study showed that,the subsistence economy of the Mid-dle Neolithic Age in Henan characterized by the predominance of hunting,fishing and gathering and less importance of plant cultivation and animal husbandry.And the subsistence economy of the Late Neolithic Age in Henan had gong through a process of transition from systems characterized by hunting,fishing and gathering to the gradual de-velopment of agricultural systems characterized by the predominance of plant cultivation and animal husbandry and less importance of hunting,fishing and gathering.During the Terminal Neolithic Age of Henan,domestic cattle,sheep,soybean and wheat was added to the agricultural systems,the subsistence economy of the cultivation of diverse crop species and husbandry of diverse domestic animal species gradually formed.The main reasons for the development of the subsistence were human control of plant and animal resources and exchange of culture and resources.At the same time,the natural environment had affected both the restriction and promotion of the subsistence economy.In the process of the development of ancient society and the progress of civilization,the subsistence played an indispensable and important role.