船舶优先权在跨境破产中的行使

Execution of Maritime Lien in Cross-Border Insolvency

迄今航运史上最大的破产案件——韩进破产案,迫使原本并行不悖的海事程序与跨境破产程序交织,凸显了船舶优先权行使难题。由于船舶优先权对物属性与跨境破产对人属性的冲突,以及跨境破产程序对船舶优先权集体清偿功能之减损,导致其实现受阻。为挣脱此困境,司法实践基于不同的法理,探索出保障船舶优先权有效行使的并行模式与例外模式。从应然层面考察,我国应采取船舶优先权不受跨境破产程序约束,于本国海事程序中实现的例外行使思路。不过,从现行法看,这一思路缺乏稳定、可预见的法律指引,应从建构跨境破产救济及例外制度、统一法律解释、细化破产中止规则等层面予以完善。

The Hanjin bankruptcy case,the largest bankruptcy case in the history of shipping to date,has forced the maritime proceedings to interweave with cross-border bankruptcy proceedings,highlighting the difficulties in the implement of maritime lien in cross-border insolvency.Due to the conflicts between action in rem attribute of maritime lien and action in personam attribute of cross-border insolvency,and the damage to collective Clearance functions of maritime lien by cross-border bankruptcy proceedings,the realization of maritime lien has been hindered.In order to break away from this predicament,countries in the judicial practice,based on different legal foundations,have explored a parallel model or an exceptional model that ensures the effective implement of maritime lien.From a theoretical perspective,in view of the legal policy background of maritime lien and the special procedural remedies for maritime lien in domestic maritime bankruptcy judicial practice,our country should adopt the idea that maritime liens are not bound by cross-border bankruptcy procedures and continue to be implemented in domestic maritime procedures.However,judging from the current law,this line of thinking lacks stable and predictable legal guidelines and institutional basis,and it is necessary to establish cross-border bankruptcy relief and exception systems,unify legal interpretations,and refine bankruptcy suspension rules.