考虑建筑物热动态特性的暖通空调模型预测控制方法

Model Predictive Control Method for the HVAC System of Buildings Considering the Thermal Dynamic Characteristics of the Envelope

建筑楼宇作为城市电网的终端用能主体,对其用能特性进行建模及仿真分析具有重要意义。首先,提出一种预测楼宇制冷/制热能耗的热动态模型,由若干组热量瞬态能量平衡方程组成,可充分考虑楼宇围护结构在传热过程中的热对流,热传导和热储能对楼宇能耗的影响。随后,针对楼宇的核心用能单元--暖通空调系统(heating,ventilationand airconditioning,HVAC),提出考虑建筑围护结构热动态特性的HVAC模型预测控制(modelpredictivecontrol,MPC)方法,通过结合模型预测和短期控制来最小化楼宇总能耗,同时保证用户的温度舒适度水平。最后,对比测试所提控制方法在不同HVAC能效等级和楼宇窗墙比情况下的效果,验证所提方法在不同HVAC能效等级和不同建筑保温性能条件下的有效性。仿真结果表明,基于MPC的HVAC控制方法不仅有助于降低楼宇用能成本,而且在应对HVAC能效等级降低与楼宇保温性能变差方面,更有利于节约能源和提高楼宇的运行经济性。

Buildings are the main contributors of energy consumption of the urban power grid,and it is of great significance to model and simulate their energy consumption characteristics.In this paper,a thermal dynamic model was proposed to simulate cooling/heating energy consumption for a building.The model takes the convective heat transfer,conductive heat transfer and heat storage in the heat transfer process into account,consisting of several transient energy balance equations for external walls and internal air of a building.Then,a model predictive control(MPC)method was introduced for the heating,ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC)system of the building considering the thermal dynamic characteristics of the envelope.The proposed method aims to minimize the total energy consumption of the building by combining the model prediction with the short-term control of the HVAC,while maintaining the temperature comfortable level at the same time.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed HVAC control method was tested under different HVAC energy efficiency grades and building window-to-wall ratios.The availability of the proposed method under different HVAC energy efficiency grades and different building insulation performance was further validated.Numerical results show that the MPC-based HVAC control method not only helps to reduce the energy cost of the building,but also helps to save energy and improve the operation economy of the building in response to the reduction of HVAC energy efficiency grades and the deterioration of the building insulation performance.