宋辽夏官帽、帝师黑帽、活佛转世与法统正朔(上)——藏传佛教噶玛噶举上师黑帽来源考

The Liao Xixia Official Hats,Ti-shis Black Hat,‘Phrul-sku Rleincarnation and Imperial Legitimism(PartA)--Tracing The Origin of Karmapa Black Hat

本文以黑水城出土《药师佛》唐卡黑帽上师身份的辨别入手,利用近年在宁夏、甘肃等地发现的图像材料,结合藏文史籍如《洛绒教法史》、《贤者喜宴》、《青史》等,重点分析黑帽与中原王朝,特别是唐宋以来王统正朔的渊源、西夏官帽对宋辽官帽形制的继承,进而讨论西夏后期帝师制度的出现及与僧官体系的联系。在此基础上,作者梳理了噶举派藏巴帝师与热巴帝师在西夏长达数十年活动的史实,指出藏传佛教噶玛噶举的黑帽来源于西夏帝师制度,代表正朔地位的黑帽的把持与传承引导了藏传佛教活佛转世系统的建立,为蒙元至明代噶玛噶举教派用黑帽传承延续西藏地方与中原王朝的紧密联系,为汉地将大宝法王封号作为教派活佛转世体系,为清代达赖、班禅活佛转世系统的奠定,以及为后世中央政权与地方民族势力的交往等提供了范例。

Based on the materials discovered in the northwest China and the Tibetan literature such as Lho rong chos ‘byung(Luò Róng Jiāo Fǐ Shǐ), mKhas pa’i dga’ ston(Xián Zhě X Yàn) and Blue Annuals(Qīng Sh), the thesis starts from identifying the figure wearing the black hat in Bhaisajyaguru thangka excavated in Kara Khoto to analyze the symbol of Imperial legitimism to confirm Karmapa hat to be a successor of Xixia, Song and Liao’s official hats. Then it discusses the emergence of Ti-shis in the late Xixia dynasty and its connection with the imperial court appointing monks to administer the Buddhist affairs with the details about Tibetan Ti-shis gTsang pa and Ras pa’s activities in Xixia for decades. It also holds that Karmapa black hat stemmed from the Xixia Ti-shis system and that the control and inheritance of black hat that symbols Imperial legitimism led to the establishment of ‘Phrul-sku Reincarnation, which laid the foundation for Karmapa sect to maintain closer relation between the Tibetan local and central government from Yuan to Ming Dynasty, for the establishment of reincarnation system of Karmapa Chos rje rin chen, Dalai lama and Panchen Rinpoche, but also worked as a model for the intercourse between the central government and the local powers for the coming generations.