红树林顶级杀手--有孔团水虱的研究进展

A Top Killer of Mangroves--Research Progress of Sphaeroma terebrans

[目的]我国多地多次发生有孔团水虱(Sphaeroma terebrans)造成红树林死亡的事件。目前国内关于该团水虱的研究较少,国外有较长的研究历史但是研究时间和地点比较分散,通过借鉴前人的研究成果,以方便我们了解并防控该虫。[方法]查询中外文献、专利,并结合本人已开展的研究,主要针对有孔团水虱的形态、分布和分类、生物学特征、天敌,对红树林的危害特征和红树林对其的响应,以及目前的防治手段等方面着手进行总结。[结果]有孔团水虱分布范围很广,其形态特征存在地理性差异,基因研究表明有孔团水虱种群间不是一个单一物种而是一个复杂的分类群。国外有孔团水虱主要蛀孔于红树林气生根,国内除了气生根外还蛀孔于红树植物基干,且前者鲜有致死红树林的报道。对于蛀孔的生物学意义争议很大,既有可引起的"生态灾难",也有可给红树林带来的益处,但前者的支持者较多。团水虱一生至少蜕皮4次,两年可育3代。红树林气生根上团水虱空洞若数量较少,可自行愈合。有文献记录几种海洋生物可捕食团水虱,但天敌种类较少;国内已有关于团水虱的控制方法,但操作性差,且不能从根本上解决问题,仍需加强团水虱的防控相关研究,另外,开展团水虱灾害预警技术和灾后重建技术也迫在眉睫。

[Objective]There have been many incidents in many places in China that have caused the death of mangroves by Sphaeroma terebrans.At present,there are few studies on the S.terebrans in China and there is a long research history abroad,but the research are relatively scattered.[Method]By researching Chinese and foreign literatures and patents,and combining with the research carried out,this paper focuses on the morphology,distribution and classification,biological characteristics,natural enemies of S.terebrans,and its damage to mangroves,the response of mangroves to S.terebrans,as well as the current prevention measures.[Result]The distribution range of S.terebrans is very wide,and there are geographical differences in its morphological characteristics.Genetic studies have shown that the population of S.terebrans is not a single species but a complex taxonomic group.In foreign countries,S.terebrans mainly bores holes in mangrove aerial roots,In China,they also bores holes in mangrove plant base in addition to aerial roots,and there are few reports of the former killing mangroves.The biological significance of borer holes is controversial.It can either cause ecological disaster or bring benefits to mangroves,but the former has more supporters.S.terebrans moults at least four times in a lifetime and can have three generations in two years.If the number of S.terebrans cavities on mangrove aerial roots is small,they can heal themselves.It has been documented that several marine organisms can prey on S.terebrans,but they have few kinds of natural enemies.There are some control methods for S.terebrans in China,but they are of poor operability and the problem cannot be solved fundamentally.Relevant research on prevention and control of S.terebrans still needs to be strengthened.In addition,early warning technology for S.terebrans disaster and post-disaster reconstruction technology are also imminent.