宋代科举防弊措施探析

A Probe into the Anti-malpractice of Imperial Examination in Song Dynasty

科举制是隋唐时期创建的人才选拔制度,于宋代得以发展和完善。在右文政策下,“学而优则仕”的理念深入人心。宋代士子渴望以科考功名改变命运,但考场舞弊亦相伴而生。统治者为选拔人才,分别从考前准备、考场监察、判卷录取三阶段采取多种措施防止舞弊。“殿试”“封弥誊录”“别头试”等防弊措施的实施,确立了相对公平的人才选拔标准,一定程度上缓和了阶级矛盾,为中下层知识分子开辟了上升空间。但在扩大统治基础的同时,也诱导了士子对功名利禄的过度追求。

The imperial examination system is a talent-selecting system established in the Sui and Tang dynasties,which was developed and perfected in the Song Dynasty.Under the policy of advocating civil administration,the concept of"A good scholar can become an official"is deeply rooted in the mind of the people.The scholars in the Song Dynasty were eager to change their fate with the fame of scientific research,but cheating in the examination room was also accompanied by fraud.In order to select talents,the rulers took a variety of measures to prevent fraud from the three stages of preparation for the examination,supervision of the examination room and enrollment of the examination paper.The implementation of anti-fraud measures such as"Dian Test","sealed transcription"and"Don't try"has established a relatively fair standard for the selection of talents,alleviated class contradictions to a certain extent,and opened up roomfor the middle and lower classes of intellectuals.However,while expanding the basis of rule,it also induced the scholars to pursue fame and fortune excessively.