多数债务人与债权人

Mehrheiten von Schuldnern und Glaubigern

多数债权人的债权涉及按份债权、协同债权和连带债权;多数债务人的债务也包含按份债务、协同债务、连带债务三种形式。在没有明确规定或约定时,通说认为,连带债务的认定以义务的同一阶层性为前提。如果所有义务人在结果上都需要按一定份额承担损害,而非只是提供一个预付的给付时,可以认为义务有同一阶层性。对于"受阻碍的"连带债务,应当采取以下模式:债权人应当承担免责约定的不利后果,而第三人自始仅承担部分责任,且不发生求偿。中国法对连带债务进行了多重规制,此外,在中国法上不存在分阶层的责任模式,这些情况可能会引起特别的问题。

Plurality of creditors involves divided rights,joint rights and solidary rights;plurality of debtors also involves three types of plurality obligations—divided obligations,joint obligations,and solidary obligations.When not explicitly regulated or agreed upon,the prevailing opinion holds that,the recognizing of solidary obligations should be premised on the equal rank of obligations.Obligations may be considered to be of equal rank when all obligors should ultimately bear the damage proportionately,rather than simply providing an advance performance.In the case of"disturbed"solidary obligations,the following model should be adopted:the creditor should bear the adverse consequences of the exemption agreement,while the third party should only be partially liable from the outset and no recourse should arise.The multiple regulation of solidary obligations and the absence of a hierarchical model of liability under Chinese law may raise particular problems.