“农商社会”视野下的宋代外贸述论

Historical Study of Foreign Trading in the Song Dynasty from Perspective of Agricultural Commercial Society

将两宋时期的外贸置于“农商社会”假说之视野下进行考察,可以发现陶瓷、丝绸等手工业品规模性输出的巨大能力来源于其时工商业文明的茁壮成长,工商业文明勃兴的推动力量来自商人阶层和手工制造业群体的不断壮大,同时也可以发现两宋时期的士人群体对于工商业文明的崛起有着明确的认知。因此,早在10—13世纪即宋辽夏金时期中国已呈现出农耕文明、游牧文明和工商业文明同台竞争之格局。这种格局的基本态势是中原农业文明居主体地位,仍在向前发展;同时在农业文明内部,工商业亦在扩展自己的生存空间,而内地农业文明和工商业文明的外溢效应则同时带动了长城内外各游牧文明的发展,中国也曾一度出现过可现代化因素或现代化发展潜要素,但终因中国自身结构性矛盾所导致的三重紧张而未能结出现代化之正果。

Examining the foreign trade of the Song dynasty from the perspective of“agricultural commercial society”hypothesis,it can be found that the huge capacity for the large-scale export of handicraft products such as ceramics and silk comes from the vigorous growth of its industrial and commercial civilization,while the driving force for the prosperity of industrial and commercial civilization comes from the continuous growth of the merchant class and the handicraft manufacturing group,in addition to the scholars'clear understanding of the rise of industrial and commercial civilization in that historical period.Therefore,as early as the 10th to 13th centuries,that is,in the Song,Liao,Xia,and Jin Dynasties,China has shown a pattern in which agricultural civilization,nomadic civilization,and industrial and commercial civilization compete on the same stage.The basic situation is that the agricultural civilization in the Central Plains is in the dominant position and is still moving forward,but within this agricultural civilization,industry and commerce are also expanding their own living space.The spillover effect of agricultural civilization and industrial and commercial civilization in the interior has simultaneously driven the development of nomadic civilizations both inside and outside the Great Wall.Therefore,China has also experienced modernization factors.