收入结构与居民收入差距变动——新中国成立以来收入差距的基本特征

Income Composition and Inequality in China

新中国成立以来,我国收入差距的变动大体上表现出三个阶段性特征,即计划经济时期的平均主义倾向、经济转型过程中的快速持续扩张以及当前阶段的高位徘徊。改革开放前,我国的收入差距比较低。改革开放后,我国普遍存在着较高的城乡收入差距,城镇和农村内部收入差距在经济转型过程中持续扩大。从收入结构来看,农村收入来源的非集体化、非农业化过程中,农村内部收入差距在不断扩大;城镇内部,就业结构的转变以及工资分配激励效应的强化扩大了收入差距;农副产品价格上升以及农村劳动力外出缩小了城乡之间的收入差距。总体而言,改革开放之前的收入分配模式并不可取,但也必须正视当前的收入差距问题,防止形成收入差距不断扩大的内生机制。

This paper reviews the changes of income inequality.The research finds that the nationwide inequality generally shows a feature in three phases:egalitarianism in planned economy,fast and persistent expansion during economic transition,and high hovering around for the current phase.Urban-rural income disparity was serious both in planned economy and economic transition.Before and after the reform and opening up,China generally has a relatively high urban-rural income gap.The income gap within urban and rural areas expands continually in the process of economic transition.In view of income structure,the income gap within rural areas constantly expands in the process of non-collectivization and non-agriculturalization of rural income sources.Within the urban areas,the change in employment structure and the strengthening incentive effect of wage distribution have promoted the rising income gap.In general,the income distribution mode before the reform and opening up is not desirable,but we must face the current income gap problem and prevent the endogenous mechanism of the widening income gap.