近代日本“被歧视部落”的身份转型

The Transformation of the Discriminated Community in Modern Japan

“被歧视部落”源自日本古代的贱民。明治维新后,日本政府建立了近代天皇制下的中央集权国家,在“一君万民论”原则下,将部落民编制为一般国民,利用神道教化等方式,规范部落民的共同体意识,将其技术、劳动和土地资源吸纳到工业生产乃至战时体制中。在“文明开化”旗帜下,知识界围绕部落民“人种”问题的争论影响了民众在人种观、卫生观、地域观与良贱观等方面针对部落民的歧视态度。普通民众与部落民之间的激烈冲突直接推动了部落民走上寻找身份重构之路试图融入新兴民族国家的“同和”之路,或作为“特殊”的“他者”而追求解放。部落民的职业、社会地位与自我认同意识的转型,伴随着日本近代国家的建构过程。部落歧视持续至今,反映出日本社会的复杂性。

After the Meiji Restoration,individuals with low status in ancient Japan,which can be included in the discriminated community(Burakumin),faced great revolution in their status during the establishment of the centralized state in modern emperor system which endowed them with equal legal status.Under the ideological Ikkunbanmin-ron and the policies of the Meiji government which aimed at unifying people's national and community consciousness,the discriminated community were mobilized into the industrial production and even wartime systems.The collision between the free civil rights movement and the Social Darwinism and the ethnographic research based on anthropology was reflected in the elite discourse debates focusing on the‘ethnicity’of tribal peoples.Among the ordinary Japanese people,the discrimination toward the discriminated community can be observed in the opinions of nation,hygiene,region and social classes.It can be said that such discrimination has been reconstructed in modern times.Therefore,the discriminated community as others in the Japanese society chose either revolution or compromise.Changes in their status,occupations,as well as identities,reflect the construction of Japan as a modern nation.The issue regarding the discriminated community continues to the present,confirming the heterogeneity and diversity of the Japanese society,as well as the‘remaining roots’of discrimination.