席勒的人性美学与马克思的实践美学

Schiller’s aesthetics of human nature and Marx’s practical aesthetics

席勒的美学是人性美学,马克思的美学是实践美学。从席勒的人性美学到马克思的实践美学是一个合乎逻辑的发展过程。席勒是从人性的异化问题出发考虑美学问题的,他要用美和艺术及其审美教育来恢复古代希腊的人性的完整。马克思是从劳动的异化问题出发来考虑美学问题的,他要通过按照美的规律来进行的实践消除劳动的异化,实现私有制的扬弃和共产主义社会。二者实质上都是要从人性和人的改造来实现自己的社会理想。不过,马克思走的是一条现实的可行的道路,而席勒走的是一条乌托邦的道路,二者之间具有明显的继承关系,同时马克思以实践唯物主义改造了席勒的历史唯心主义。马克思主义美学是在席勒美学直接影响下产生的一种意识形态美学、人学美学。

Schiller’s aesthetics is human nature aesthetics while Marx’s aesthetics is practical aesthetics.It is a logical development process to learn from Schiller’s human beauty to Marx’s practical aesthetics.Schiller considered aesthetics from the alienation of human nature;he wanted to restore the integrity of human nature in ancient Greece with beauty,art and aesthetic education.Marx considered the aesthetics from the alienation of labor,and he wanted to eliminate the alienation of labor through the practice according to the law of beauty,so as to realize the sublation of private ownership and the communist society.Both are essentially to realize their own social ideal from the transformation of human nature and human beings.However,Marx took a realistic and feasible road while Schiller followed a utopian path.There is an obvious inheritance relationship between them.Meanwhile,Marx transformed Schiller’s historical idealism with practical materialism.Marxist aesthetics is a kind of ideology aesthetics,humanism aesthetics,which was produced under the direct influence of Schiller’s aesthetics.