谷子精量播种机播种参数对晋谷21号生长特性与产量的影响

Effects of sowing parameters of millet precision seeder on growth characteristics and yield of Jingu 21

探讨自走式谷子精量播种机不同的播距和播量配置对晋谷21号出苗质量、光合特性及产量的影响,可为丘陵山地谷子机械化精量播种提供理论依据。该研究以山西省为研究区域,于2013-2014年在太谷县和泽州县进行试验。2013年晋中市太谷县试验中,精量播种机的播种行距为33.3 cm,播深为3 cm。出苗试验采用裂裂区设计,主区为镇压和不镇压2个处理,裂区设置为7、10和13 cm^3个播距,裂裂区分别设置3~4、2~3和1~2粒3个播量,测定出苗数和出苗均匀度;生长特性及产量试验采用随机完全区组设计,不进行镇压处理,测定灌浆期谷子倒2叶的叶绿素a含量(chlorophyll a, Chl-a)、叶绿素b含量(chlorophyll b, Chl-b)、叶绿素(a+b)含量(chlorophyll (a+b), Chl-(a+b))、类胡萝卜素含量(carotenoids,Car)、净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光合电子传递速率(Apparent Photosynthetic Electron Transport Rate, ETR)、光化学淬灭系数(Photochemical Quenching Coefficient, qP)、非光化学淬灭系数(Non-Photochemical Quenching Coefficient, NPQ)、产量及产量构成因素等。2014年晋城市泽州县试验中,设置播量2~3粒,播距7cm(X-7);播量2~3粒,播距10cm(X-10);播量1~2粒,播距7cm(YJ-7);播量3~4粒,播距13cm(F-13);播量3~4粒,播距10cm(F-10)等处理进行产量验证试验。太谷县试验结果显示,相同播距下,不同播种轮的出苗数为从多到少的顺序F播种轮、X播种轮、YJ播种轮,株距及株距标准差为F播种轮、X播种轮、YJ播种轮;相同播种轮下,不同播距的出苗数从多到少的顺序为7、10、13 cm,株距及株距标准差从小到大为7、10、13 cm。镇压处理后的出苗数更高,并且株距和株距标准差更小,出苗更加均匀。随着播量增大和播距减小,谷子倒2叶的Car含量呈下降趋势,Chl-(a+b)呈先上升后下降的趋势;Pn和Gs降低,Ci升高;ΦPSⅡ、ETR、NPQ和qP均无显著差异;每667 m2穗数呈升高趋势,穗粒质量呈下降趋势,产量呈现先增后降的趋势。随着出苗数的降低,其各项指标呈相反趋势。泽州试验结果与太谷县类似。分析表明,在行距33.3 cm的条件下,精量播种机播量为2~3粒,播距为10 cm(X-10)时,晋谷21号的产量较高,太谷试验区的理论产量可达到290.04 kg/667 m^2,泽州试验区的实收产量达到242 kg/667 m^2,且出苗均匀度高,达到少或者免间苗的效果。在土壤墒情较差时,可适当增大播量,进行镇压和减小播距,以保证出苗数。

Millet(Setaria italic L.) is an important food crop in arid and semi-arid areas in northern China. Jingu 21 has a long planting history and good quality. Effects of different seeding distance and seeding rate of self-propelled millet precision seeder on Jingu 21 emergence quality, photosynthetic characteristics and yield were explored to provide some theoretical bases and technological approaches for mechanized precision seeding of grain in hilly areas in this paper. Taken Shanxi Province as the research area, the tests were carried out in Taigu County and Zezhou County from 2013 to 2014. In Taigu County, Jinzhong City, the row spacing of the precision seeder was 33.3 cm, and the seeding depth was 3 cm in 2013. The emergency tests adopted the split-split plots design, the main plots were two treatments of suppression and non-suppression, the split plots were set to three seeding distance of 7, 10, and 13 cm, and the split-split plots were the three seeding wheels F, X and YJ(the groove diameter of F seeder is 5 mm, the depth is 2.5 mm, round, and the seeding rate is 3-4 seeds per hole;the groove diameter of X seeding wheel is 4 mm, the depth is 2 mm, round, and the seeding rate is 2-3 seeds per hole;the groove diameter of YJ seeding wheels is 5 mm, the depth is 1.8 mm, V-shaped, and the seeding rate is 1-2 seeds per hole). Emergency number and emergency uniformity were measured. The other experiments used a random complete block design without repression. Chlorophyll a content(Chl-a), Chlorophyll b content(Chl-b), Chlorophyll a+b content(Chl-a+b), Carotenoid content(Car), net photosynthetic rate(Pn), intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci), stomatal conductance(Gs), the PSII actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPSⅡ), apparent photosynthetic Electron Transport Rate(ETR), photochemical quenching coefficient(qP), the non-photochemical quenching coefficient(NPQ) in the 2 nd leaf from top of Jingu 21 at filling stage, yield and yield components at maturity were measured respectively. In 2014, the yield verification tests in Zezhou County, Jincheng City were carried out, the test treatments were that the seeding rate was 2-3 grains and the seeding distance was 7 cm(X-7), the seeding rate was 2-3 grains and the seeding distance was 10 cm(X-10), the seeding rate was 1-2 grains and the seeding distance was 7 cm(YJ-7), the seeding rate was 3-4 grains and the seeding distance was 13 cm(F-13), the seeding rate was 3-4 grains and the seeding distance was 10 cm(F-10) for. The results in Taigu County showed that for the same seeding distance, the order of emergency number from large to small of different seeding wheels was F seeding wheel, X seeding wheel, YJ seeding wheel, the standard deviation of plant distance was F seeding wheel, X seeding wheel, YJ seeding wheel;for the same seeding wheels, the order of emergency number of different seeding distance from large to small was 7 cm, 10 cm, 13 cm, the order of standard deviation of plant distance was 7 cm, 10 cm, 13 cm. The emergency number with repression was higher, the plant distance and the standard deviation of plant distance was smaller, and the emergency was more uniform. With the increase of seeding rate and the deacrese of seeding distance, carotenoid content showed a downward trend in the 2 nd leaf from top of Jingu 21 at filling stage, and Chl-(a+b) increased first and then decreased;Pn and Gs decreased, and Ci increased;ΦPSⅡ, ETR, NPQ and qP had no significant difference;the number of spikes per 667 m^2 showed an upward trend, and weight of grains per spike showed a downward trend, and the yield increased first and then decreased. With the decrease of seeding rate and the deacrese of seeding distance, other indicators showed opposite trends. The results of Zezhou County was similar to that of Taigu County. Analysis showed that under the condition of the row spacing with 33.3 cm, seeding rate of precision seeder with 2-3 grains, and the seeding distance with 10 cm(X-10), the yield of Jingu 21 was relatively higher. The theoretical yield of Taigu county was 290.04 kg/667 m^2, the actual yield of Zezhou countywas 242 kg/667 m^2, and the uniformity of emergency was high, which could achieve the effects of less or no seedling thinning. When the soil moisture is poor, the seeding rate and earth covering and suppression should be increased appropriately, and reducing the seeding distance to ensure the emergency quality.