日本年号“令和”音读考--兼论日本吴音、汉音对中古汉语语音的研究意义

An Examination of the Pronunciation of Japanese Era Name Reiwa:Also On the Research Significance of Japanese Kan-on and Go-on Pronunciations to Mid-ancient Chinese Phonetics

"令和"是2019年日本公布的年号,取自日本现存最早的诗歌总集《万叶集》。日本年号"令和"采用模仿我国古音的方式发音,读作"レイワ(reiwa)",属于汉音加吴音的组合式读法。吴音、汉音都属于日本汉字音,与我国古音之间存在对应关系,但两者来源有别,两者的不同反映了从中古音到唐西北方音的声韵调系统的演变轨迹。尤其是日本汉音较为严格地参考了我国原音,唐西北方音的很多音韵特点在汉语方言中并不明显,但从日本汉音的角度就可以得到一个清晰的认识。我们通过例举日籍古文献所录吴音、汉音标识,探讨"令和"音读问题,并呼吁学界关注日本汉字音相关研究领域,以期能为推动新形势下传统音韵学的国际化、现代化进程尽一份绵薄之力。

Japan reveals new era name to be Reiwa(令和)in 2019,which is taken from Man’yōshū,the oldest extant collection of Japanese poems.Reiwa is pronounced in a way that imitates the ancient Chinese sound and is pronouncedレイワ,which belongs to the combined reading method by Kan-on(汉音)and Go-on(吴音)pronunciations.Both Go-on and Kan-on pronunciations belong to Japanese Kanji pronunciations,and there is a corresponding relationship with the Chinese ancient pronunciations,but the sources of the two are different.The difference between the two reflects the evolution of the phonological system from the mid-ancient to the northwestern dialect of Tang Dynasty.In particular,the Japanese Kan-no pronunciations refers to our Chinese sounds at that time more strictly.Additionally,many phonological features of the Northwest dialect of Tang Dynasty are not obvious in Chinese dialects today,but a clear understanding could be obtained from the perspective of Japanese Kan-no pronunciations.We discuss the pronunciation of Reiwa by citing the signs of Go-on and Kan-on pronunciations recorded in the Japanese ancient documents,and appeal to the academic community to pay attention to the Japanese Kanji pronunciations and other related research fields,in order to promote the internationalization of traditional phonology under the new situations.