康德的自我模式:封闭、开放或第三种可能

On Kant’s Self Mode:Beyond Cartesian and Phenomenology

“自我是封闭的还是开放的”是哲学史上的经典论题。现象学家有些批评康德的先验自我是完全封闭在自身之中的核心,有些认为它是完全开放在经验中的意向性自我。但实际上,康德的先验自我兼具“先验的封闭性”和“经验性的开放性”;它是与任何经验相隔绝的纯粹形式条件,但同时必然展开在其经验性运用中。尽管先验自我具有突出的极点特性,但它同样在封闭性与开放性之间达到了平衡。所以,康德在笛卡尔主义的封闭自我与现象学的开放自我之外提出了第三种自我模式,这种模式具有理论上的自足性和不可替代的应用价值。

It is a classical topic in the history of philosophy that whether the self is closed or open.Some phenomenologists criticized that Kant’s transcendental self is a core completely enclosed in the self,while others regarded it as the something with intentionality open to experience.In fact,according to Kant,the transcendental self simultaneously covers both“transcendental closedness”and“experiential openness”.It is a pure formal condition isolated from any experience,but it is necessarily applied into its empirical practice at the same time.Although the transcendental self has a prominent character of extremism,it reaches a balance between closedness and openness.Therefore,after the closed self by Descartes and the open self of phenomenology,Kant put forward a third model of self,which has theoretical self-sufficiency and irreplaceable application value.