退让原则在我国正当防卫制度实践中的借鉴意义——防卫权在“正”与“不正”之间的平衡

Reference Significance of Concession Principle in Practice of Justifiable Self-defense System in China--Balance of Self-defense Right between the Justifiable and the Unjustifiable

随着“昆山反杀案”等一系列热点案例的发生,我国实务部门对正当防卫条件的认定发生了极大转变,刑法赋予公民的更大防卫权得以现实化,刑法第20条第3款被激活,最直接的表现就是对一系列“反杀案”认定构成正当防卫。这种转变体现了我国司法部门“以法为本”“以正义为本”的理念。防卫权的扩大直接体现在放宽防卫时间以及防卫限度的认定标准上,对防卫时间尤其是防卫是否结束的判断,以行为人当时所处的客观条件进行延展是具有合理性的,但防卫限度的认定标准如果过宽,有可能会出现法律的天平从正当防卫权不足倾斜到过度扩大公民防卫权的另一极端,不利于保护不法侵害人的利益。防卫人在使用“致命性暴力”可能导致不法侵害人伤亡时,基于对生命权的尊重,对英美法系“退让原则”合理成分加以借鉴,在个案中作为一个判定防卫限度的因素加以考量,不无裨益。

With the occurrence of a series of hot cases in self-defense such as the Kunshan Case,the recognition of the conditions of self-defense by the practical departments has changed greatly in China,the greater right of defense given to citizens by the Criminal Law has been realized,and the third paragraph of Article 20 of the Criminal Law has been activated,asserting a series of counter-killing to be justifiable defense,which reflects the law-oriented and justice-oriented concept in the judicial department of our country.The expansion of self-defense rights is directly reflected in the criteria for expanding defense time and defense limits.To judge the self-defense time,especially whether the defense is over,it is reasonable to extend the objective conditions of the actor at the time,but if the standard of self-defense limits is too low,the balance of law may incline from the insufficient defense right to the other extreme of excessively expanding the right of defense.Therefore,when self-defenders apply fatal violence which may lead to the injury or death of the wrongdoer,it is beneficial to learn from the reasonable components of concession principle in the Anglo-American law system based on the respect for the right to life,and consider it as a factor to determine the limits of defense in a the cases.