美国行政立法僵化的成因与应对

Causes and Response of the Rulemaking Ossification in the USA

美国行政立法僵化问题自提出以来引发了诸多关注和讨论。由于行政立法本身的专业性需求、美国社会对行政权力缺乏信任等诸多原因,施加在行政立法上的程序和实体要求使得这一制度负重累累,行政机关耗费大量的资源和时间制定出来的立法文件可能由于程序或实体上的瑕疵而无法付诸实施。这一方面造成了行政资源巨大的浪费,另一方面也使得行政管理政策工具的不确定性增强。在这一背景下,行政机关已经呈现出以其他非正式文件形式替代行政立法的趋势。为了重新激活行政立法这一重要的政策工具,美国实务部门本着灵活与尊让的原则,以精细化的管理规则,逐步寻求制度平衡,为行政立法制度保留更大的自主空间。

The ossification of administrative legislation in the USA has aroused many concerns and discussions.Due to the professional needs of administrative legislation itself and the lack of trust in administrative power in American society,etc.,the procedural and substantive requirements imposed heavy burdens on administrative legislation,and the legislative documents produced by administrative organs without a lot of resources and time may not be implemented due to defects in procedures or substantial requirements.On the one hand,this has caused a huge waste of administrative resources;on the other hand,it has also increased the uncertainty of administrative policy.Under this background,the administrative organs have shown the trend of using other informal documents to replace administrative legislation.In order to reactivate administrative legislation,the administrative departments in the USA have been seeking institutional balance based on the principle of flexibility and respect with refined management rules to reserve more room for the administrative legislation system.