离岸与技术进步的要素偏向:生产率效应与结构效应

Offshoring and the Factor Bias of Technological Progress:Productivity Effect and Structure Effect

为探究离岸贸易对技术进步要素偏向的影响机制,本文在有偏技术进步分析框架中引入离岸活动。研究发现离岸的发展一方面通过加强劳动力市场的竞争,迫使非农业部门的劳动力通过学习改善自身的技能水平,最终提升了该部门劳动力的生产效率,使其技术进步的劳动偏向增强。另一方面,非农业部门通过参与离岸提升了本部门的生产效率,其产出占比增加,进而放大了该部门技术进步的劳动偏向特征。最终在生产率效应与结构效应的共同作用下,离岸使得社会整体技术进步的劳动偏向增强。基于世界投入产出数据与联合国国家数据的实证研究得出了与理论分析一致的结论。这一结论表明离岸将会使参与全球价值链的企业从劳动生产率提升中获得福利,但国民福利是否改善取决于劳动力应对竞争的能力。面对不可逆转的全球化趋势,政府应当致力于提升本国劳动力的技能水平,促进劳动力技能结构与产业结构同步升级。

In order to explore the impact mechanism of offshoring on the bias of technological progress,this paper introduced offshore activities in the analysis framework of biased technological progress.The study finds that by strengthening the labor market competition,the development of offshoring forces labor in non-agricultural sector to promote their skill levels,which further improves the productivity of labor and enhances the labor bias of technological progress.On the other hand,by participating in offshoring,the productivity and the output portion of the non-agricultural sector increases,which amplifies the labor bias of technological progress in this sector.In the end,under the combined impact of the productivity effect and the structure effect,offshoring strengthens the labor bias of the overall technological progress of society.Empirical research based on the World Input-Output Database and the United Nations Database stands consistent with this conclusion.This result indicates that offshoring can benefit the enterprises which participate in global value chains with the labor productivity improvement.Whether the national welfare may be improved depends on the capability of the labor to cope with competition.Faced with the irreversible trend of globalization,the government should devote itself to improving skill levels of its domestic labor and promoting the upgrading of the labor force skill structure and the industrial structure simultaneously.