粤商及其所建立的岭南地区和全国性市场体系——与费正清和施坚雅的对话

Cantonese Businessmen and their Lingnan&National Market System:Academic Exchange with J.K.Fairbank and G.William Skinner

在国际和国内学术界,费正清的“冲击-反应”模式和施坚雅的“宏观区域理论”都有广泛影响。明清时期粤商及其所建立的岭南和全国性市场体系,都是基于中国本土的自我发展,并非费正清所言是西方对中国市场冲击的反应。作者从粤商的社会结构分析其市场行为后认为:从官商关系角度看,中央政府通过“一口通商”等优惠政策对以十三行为主的行商进行“朋友式庇护”,进行了自上而下的资源配置;而在民间贸易中,粤商的行商型“蜂窝”、会馆型“蜂窝”、商号型“蜂窝”与商户型“蜂窝”则是通过自下而上的资源配置发展商品贸易。在自上而下的“伞式”支持与自下而上的“蜂窝式”力量双重作用下,粤商建立起岭南乃至全国的市场体系,并促进了各地形成与市场体系相对应的区域与全国城市结构。

"Impact-response model"by J.K.Fairbank and"macro-regional theory"by G.William Skinner are influencers among international and domestic academic circles.The Cantonese businessmen and their lingnan&national market system in Ming and Qing dynasties are based on self-development of China,rather than the western response.From the point of social structure of Cantonese businessmen,the authors pointed out that the different relationship between government,folk and business-the central government has protected the thirteen-hong of Canton functioned as"friend-type umbrella"through preferential policies such as"one trading port",while in the folk trade,the Hong merchants"beehive",the guildhall"beehive",the firm"beehive"and the family"beehive"developed the commodity trade.Under the dual action of top-down"umbrella"support and bottom-up"beehive"force,Cantonese businessmen have established the market system of Lingnan and even the whole country,and promoted the regional and national urban structure corresponding to the market system.