“批评”与“评论”间的修辞调适--当代中国文艺评论的由来

Rhetoric Adjustment between "Criticism" and "Review" :The Origin of Contemporary Chinese Literary and Art Review

"文艺评论"遭遇文化艺术制度设置与学科制度设置之间不一致的困惑,在现行学科制度中找不到规范化位置,也不见本土学科分类传统依据。其非正规用法并非出于简单的语法或逻辑缘由,而是出于特殊的修辞调适缘由,符合现当代中国社会语境中的修辞调适需要。"文艺"与"艺术"分指全部文学艺术工作和"审美"或"美学"语义,"批评"与"评论"则分别被赋予对错误言行的指责语义和中性温和语义,都属于公共政治修辞调适的结果。以改革开放初期为转折性标志,"文艺评论"取代"文艺批评"而成为文艺工作的规范性词语及当代中国文化艺术行业的规范化概念。这个名称替换可见出现当代中国社会文化语境对文化艺术行业的修辞调适作用。当"文艺批评"在社会文化语境实际运行中将其原有规范化内涵中的"批评"内涵过度膨胀为政治"斗争"内涵时,另行挑选"文艺评论"去替换,以便转而传达更加中性而温和的内涵,就成为一种必然。这种修辞调适的成功正得益于改革开放时代的根本转折性作用及其持续深化。

" Literary and art review " encountered the confusion between the setting of cultural and artistic system and the setting of discipline system,and found no standardized position in the current discipline system,nor did it find the traditional basis of local discipline classification. Its informal usage is not for simple grammatical or logical reasons,but for special reasons of rhetorical adjustment,which meets the needs of rhetorical adjustment in the context of modern and contemporary Chinese society. " Literature and art" and " art" refer to all literary and artistic work and " aesthetic" or " of aesthetics" semantics, " criticism " and " review " are respectively assigned to the wrong words and deeds of blaming semantics and neutral mild semantics,are the result of the adjustment of public political rhetoric.Taking the early stage of reform and opening up as a turning point, " Literary and art review " replaced " literary and art criticism " and became the normative words of literary work and the standardized concept of contemporary Chinese cultural and artistic industry. This name substitution can be seen in the contemporary Chinese social and cultural context to the cultural and artistic industry of the rhetorical adjustment role. When " literary and art criticism" expands the connotation of " criticism" into political " struggle" in the actual operation of social and cultural context,it is inevitable to choose " literary and art review" to replace it in order to convey more neutral and mild connotation instead.The success of this rhetorical adjustment is due to the fundamental turning role of the era of reform and opening up and its continuous deepening.