美国口供规则中的自愿性原则:分析与借鉴

The Voluntary Principle in American Confession Rules:Analysis and Reference

无论美国口供规则的理论依据与法律保障如何变动不居,供述自愿性原则却一直是口供规则中的实质性、核心性规则。美国法院对供述自愿性的审查判断有两种模式:一种是义务论,关注的焦点在于对非法取证手段的审查;另一种是结果论,突出对被告人供述可靠性考量。随着我国非法证据排除规则的逐步完善,以“反对强迫自证其罪”的原则性规定、自愿供述的权利保障程序以及非自愿供述的强制性排除为内容的供述自愿性原则在规范层面已初步成型。面对供述自愿性审查判断这一棘手难题,我国可以借鉴美国法院的做法,从非法取证手段的性质以及口供的可靠性两个层面构建供述自愿性审查判断的规则与标准,使“自愿”这一主观性较强的原则趋于客观、明晰和便于操作,同时也为刑事审讯提供指引。

No matter how the theoretical basis and legal protection of American confession rules change,the voluntary principle of confession has always been the substantive and core rule of American confession rules.The US courts have two modes for judging the voluntary judgment of confessions:one is the obligation theory,with the focus on the review of illegal means of evidence,and the other is the result theory,which highlights the reliability considerations of the defendant’s confession.With the gradual improvement of the rules for the exclusion of illegal evidence in China,a set of principles and practices have taken root at normative levels,such as the principle of“objection against forced self-incrimination”,the right protection procedure for voluntary confession,and the mandatory exclusion of involuntary confession as the content of the voluntary principle of confession.Faced with the thorny problem of voluntarily reviewing and judging,China can learn from the practice of the US courts and construct rules and standards for voluntarily reviewing judgments from the two aspects of the nature of illegal evidence collection methods and the reliability of confessions.Hence,a more subjective principle tends to be objective,clear and easy to operate,while also providing guidance for criminal trials.