第32届夏季奥运会延期举办的运动训练调控策略研究

Study on the Strategy of Adjusting and Controlling Sports Training after the Postponement of the 32^th Summer Olympic Games

为应对第32届夏季奥运会延期带给训练分期与竞技状态调控的负面影响,基于中国历届奥运冠军的回顾性调查数据和相关文献研究,提出以下调控策略:1)“再出发”前的训练重整策略,包括教练员发挥重要的角色担当、适时调整训练负荷与内容设置;2)奥运运动员参赛年龄的常模启示可将奥运运动员按运动项目划分为小将得力,老将占优和适应灵活3类,再次夺冠年龄分为3个区间,快速力量项群大龄化增长明显;3)奥运延期后的训练分期策略可参考“12周重整周期”或“12周补短周期(尚有明显短板者)”的过渡后,再重启2~4个大周期组成奥运赛季年度周期安排,历届奥运冠军赛前1年国内、国际比赛次数可作为“以赛带练”和调节“强度高峰”的竞技状态调控策略参考。根据周期性体能主导的游泳项目赛前分期负荷安排的启示,建议坚持渐增负荷原则,尤其注重周期衔接时递增负荷。考虑到保障动作技术质量和应对心理压力干扰,安排足量的中到稍高强度训练负荷或不可或缺。

In order to actively respond to the negative impact of the postponement of the 32th Summer Olympic Games on training periodization and competition state regulation,based on the retrospective survey data of previous Olympic champions in China and related literature research,the following regulation strategies are proposed:1)the reorganization strategy of the training before“restart”,which includes the coaches playing an important role,and adjusting the training load and content settings in a timely manner;2)the model of Chinese Olympic champions’age reveals that we can classify Olympic athletes into three categories:the young is effective,the veteran dominates and flexible adaptation,the age of winning the championship again is divided into three sections,and the rapid power event group has an obvious increase in aging;3)the training periodization strategy after the postponement of the Olympic Games can refer to the transition of“12-week reorganization cycle”or“12-week make-up cycle(those with obvious shortcomings)”,and then restart 2~4 large cycles to form the Olympic season year,the number of domestic and international competitions”in the previous year before the previous Olympic Championships can be used as a reference for the competitive state regulation periodization of“driving training with competition”and adjusting the“intensity peak”.According to the enlightenment of the pre-match periodization load arrangement of swimming events dominated by periodic physical fitness,it is recommended to adhere to the principle of progressive load,with particular attention to the incremental load when the cycle is connected.Taking into account the guarantee of the technical quality of movement and coping with psychological stress,it is indispensable to distribute a sufficient amount of moderate to slightly high intensity training load.