东周礼书所见玉爵辨

Study on the Jade Jue in the Liturgical Books of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty

礼书所见先秦各种饮酒器中,有一类可称“玉爵”,即如《礼记·明堂位》中所见夏琖、殷斝、周爵及璧散、璧角,同书《祭统》所见玉爵、瑶爵、散爵;玉爵、瑶爵又见于《周礼》。诸玉爵的用途之一是祭祀献酒。根据礼书及注疏,可以推断诸玉爵既非三足爵,也不是青铜器,而都是漆木筒形杯,所谓玉、瑶、璧,指的是漆木爵上的嵌饰物。各种爵的礼制等级关系,是有玉饰的诸玉爵最高贵,其次是“五爵”爵、觚、觯、角、散,它们是无玉饰的漆木筒形杯;再次是废爵、足爵与繶爵三爵,它们是斗形爵。礼书所见圭瓒、璋瓒,与“废、足、繶”三爵同形异名,相当于斗形器被用于祼礼时的特称。

In the Book of Rites(《礼记》)and in the Rites of Zhou(《周礼》),we could see several wine vessels which are called Jade Jue(玉爵),being used for sacrificing and toasting in the ceremony.Based on the liturgical books and commentaries,we could deduce that they were all lacquer cylindrical wooden vessels,neither three-feet ones,nor bronze ones,while the jade was just a decorated inlay on the lacquer body.As far as the liturgical hierarchical relationship of various Jue was concerned,the Jade Jue with jade decorations was the noblest.Below it were“Five Jue”,namely Jue(爵),Gu(觚),Zhi(觯),Jiao(角),San(散),which were all lacquer cylindrical wooden vessels without jade decorations,while at the bottom were Fei Jue(废爵),Zu Jue(足爵),and Yi Jue(繶爵),which were funnel-shaped Jue.Gui Zan(圭瓒)and Zhang Zan(璋瓒)were the same as Fei Jue,Zu Jue,and Yi Jue in shape.They were special names for funnelshaped vessels being used in the Luo rite(裸礼).