破除使用机器对自由个性的束缚——《哲学的贫困》之机器理论的比较性考察

How to Break the Fetter of Free Personality Held by Using Machinery:a Comparative Study on Machinery Theory in The Poverty of Philosophy

马克思在《哲学的贫困》中对机器理论作了系统的批判性阐释。针对蒲鲁东将机器视为分工的反题,把机器与使用机器的方式混同起来,用“注意”“建议”等观念颠倒了分工和机器之间的真实关系,通过竞争这个经济范畴而非诉诸现实的运动来消除机器的后果等错误观点,马克思详尽考察了现代工厂的原貌和机器的发展史,确立起从分工和工场手工业到机器和大工业的论证思路,并一直沿用到《资本论》及其手稿中。在此基础上,他深刻地揭示出大工业中使用机器(而非机器本身)的后果是包含着个人解放从而实现自由个性的征兆。相形之下,蒲鲁东则陷入词源学意义上的自由观念中无法自拔,根本无助于破除使用机器对自由个性的束缚。

It is generally known that Karl Marx made a systematic critical interpretation of machinery theory in The Poverty of Philosophy.As the prime target of Marx,Proudhon confused machinery and its operation method.In his opinion,machinery is the antithesis of division of labor;besides,he reversed the real relationship between machinery and division of labor through the concept of“notification”and“advice”.On this basis,Proudhon tried to eliminate the consequences of machinery by the way of competition which is an economic activity rather than a realistic one.In order to criticize Proudhon’s erroneous views,Marx inspected the original appearance of modern factory and the development history of machinery,establishing his logic form the division of labor,the manual manufacture of factory to the machinery in industry,and was extended to The Capital and its manuscripts.On this basis,he revealed the most profound point that the consequences of using machinery(not machinery itself)in the industry is the sign of including the possibility of personal liberation so as to realize free personality.Instead,immersed in the concept of freedom in the sense of etymology,Proudhon’s seemed effortless in breaking the fetter of free personality held by using machinery.