无人农场系统分析与发展展望

System Analysis and Development Prospect of Unmanned Farming

随着工业化与城镇化的不断推进,我国农业劳动力成本日趋增高,传统农业劳动力逐渐减少,农业劳动力的老龄化与短缺问题逐渐突显,“机器换人”的需求日趋增加。无人农场是采用物联网、大数据、人工智能、5G、智能装备与机器人等新一代信息技术,通过对设施、装备、机械等进行远程控制、全程自动控制或机器人自主控制,完成所有农场生产作业的一种全天候、全过程、全空间的无人化生产作业模式。本文系统地阐述了无人农场的概念、技术架构和发展历程;提出并分析了物联网技术、大数据技术、人工智能技术和智能装备与机器人技术等无人农场的四大共性关键技术,基础设施系统、作业装备系统、测控系统和管控云平台系统等无人农场的四大系统组成,以及无人大田、无人温室、无人果园、无人牧场和无人渔场等无人农场的五大类型;最后,提出了我国无人农场的发展策略。

With the development of industrialization and urbanization,Chinese labor cost is gradually increasing,and the aging and shortage of agricultural labor force has become increasingly noticeable.As the traditional agricultural labor force withdraws from the first-line production,therefore,the needs for“machine substitute for man”is increasing too.Unmanned farm is a kind of all-weather,entire-process,whole-space unmanned production mode,which uses the new generation of information technology such as Internet of things,big data,artificial intelligence,5G,and robot to complete farm production operations through remote automatic control of facilities,equipment,machinery or autonomous robot control.It included four parts:firstly,the concept,technical framework and three development stages of the unmanned farm were systematically introduced;secondly,four key technologies were systematically put forward:Internet of things,big data,artificial intelligence,intelligent equipment and robot,and four system components:infrastructure system,operation equipment system,measurement and control system and cloud management and control platform system,and five typical farm applications of the unmanned farm:unmanned fields,unmanned greenhouses,unmanned orchards,unmanned livestock farms and unmanned fisheries;finally,the forward of the development strategy of unmanned farm in China was suggested.