小农分化、行为差异与农业减量化

Small Household Differentiation, Behavioral Differences and Agricultural Chemical Reduction

已有研究将小农视为同质化群体,忽视了小农分化在现代农业尤其农业绿色发展中的异质性作用。农业的内卷化发展使得生存型小农群体扩张,而去内卷化进程则使得生存型小农出现分化。具体来说,农业劳动力转移形成的农地流转与代际分工,生存型小农可分别分化出生产型小农与生活型小农;物质层面的食品安全需求和精神层面的亲近自然需求,又促使部分生产型和生活型小农转型为功能型小农。进一步地,不同行为目标驱动下的小农生产,尤其是亲环境生产行为,存在显著差异。实证分析表明,以生存型小农为对照,化肥和农药减量化程度从低到高依次为生产型小农、生活型小农、功能型小农。本文认为,生产型小农是发展绿色农业需要精准对接的重要群体,而培育功能型小农则有助于实现社会福利最大化。

Previous studies treated small agriculturalhouseholds as a homogeneous group,ignoring its differentiation in the process of agricultural modernization ande specially in development of green agriculture.Generally,the aggravation of agricultural involution had expanded the group of small households struggling for survival.However,efforts for reversing this trend in recent decades have been conversing the survival-oriented small households into several different types.Specifically,the transfer of agricultural land and the intergenerational division of laborcausedbythe migration of agricultural population,transform part of the survival-oriented small households into production-oriented and life-oriented.In addition,the increasing needs of food safety at the material level and exposure to natural environment at the spiritual level,transform some production-oriented and life-oriented small households into functional-oriented.Furtherly,for small households oriented by different targets,there exists significant differences in terms of agricultural production behaviors,especially pro-environmental behaviors.The empirical results show that,in contrast to the survival-oriented group,the order of reduction in fertilizer and pesticide application from low to high is production-oriented,life-oriented and functional-oriented small households.Then this paper proposes that production-oriented small households would play a key role in developing green agriculture.While enlarging the functional-oriented group would contribute dramatically to maximizing social welfare.