加尔文教信仰下17世纪荷兰宗教画题材的衍变

Thematic Evolution of Dutch Religious Paintings under the Influence of Calvinism in the 17th Century

在加尔文教影响下,17世纪荷兰宗教画与传统天主教绘画相比,在题材上发生了很大改变。首先,因为新教反对天主教的偶像崇拜活动,进而反对罗马教会用于崇拜的一切宗教艺术,因此,圣像题材衰落。其次,与天主教轻视《圣经》、抬高教会释经的权威性相对,新教认为《圣经》才是上帝所展示的真理,由此坚决捍卫《圣经》的唯一权威性。在此过程中,因为《旧约》与希伯来原典的关系密切,更得到了荷兰加尔文教的额外重视,再加之荷兰犹太教文化的存在,使得《旧约》故事在宗教画中十分流行。最后,荷兰加尔文教在共和国建立后,将很多天主教堂改造成新教教堂。在此过程中,宗教画出现了新题材——"教堂肖像画"和"文本绘画",用以装饰新教教堂。

Under the impact of Calvinism,the religious paintings of the Netherlands in the 17 th Century were significantly different from the Catholic ones.For one thing,the Protestants were against the heathenism of the Catholicism and all related religious art advocated by the Roman churches.Icon paintings thus became less popular.For the other,unlike Catholicism which disdained The Bible and overstated the churches’authority to interpret The Bible,the Protestantism took the Bible as the truths held by the God and defended the absolute authority of The Bible.Thanks to the close ties with the Hebrew Bible,the Old Testament attracted much attention from the Calvinists in the Netherlands.Stories told by the Old Testament were frequently employed in the religious paintings due to the popularity of the Jewish culture in the country.Also,after the establishment of Calvinism in the Netherlands,many Catholic churches were remolded into the Protestant ones,which brought about new themes to the religious paintings(church portraits and text paintings)that were used to decorate the remolded churches.