江西白鹿洞书院造园意匠剖析

Analysis on the Gardening Idea of Bailudong Academy,Jiangxi

位于江西九江市的白鹿洞书院作为中国四大书院之一,可谓书院园林之典型,在中国古代教育发展史上发挥着十分重要的作用。以现存的白鹿洞书院为研究对象,采用文献归纳法与实地调研法,梳理其历史沿革,剖析其总体布局与造景手法等园林意匠。结果表明:(1)具明确的祭祀、藏书、讲学、游憩与生活等功能分区;(2)儒家的"天人合一"与道家的"山林隐逸"和"法天象地"等人文思想体现于书院的相地选址与空间布局等方面;(3)布局上采取轴线构图、五路平行并列的空间处理,营造出错落有致、主次分明与开合收放的有序空间;(4)通过景题、匾额、楹联与石刻等点景手法,为景点增添"诗情画意",彰显浓厚的人文底蕴。

As one of the four famous academies in China,the Bailudong academy is a typical garden of academies,which played a significant role in the development history of ancient Chinese education.Taking the existing Bailudong academy as the research object,the methods of literature induction and field research used to sort out its historical evolution and analyze its overall layout and landscape construction techniques.The results show that:(1)there are definite functional divisions such as sacrifice,library,lecture,recreation,and life;(2)the Confucian"unity of nature and man"and the Taoist"seclusion in the mountains"and"arranging by the sky"humanistic thoughts reflected in the aspects of the site selection and spatial layout of the academies;(3)the layout adopts the axis composition,five parallel spatial processing to create an orderly space with counterchanged,differentiated clearly,opening and closing;(4)through scenic themes,couplets,tablets,and stone carvings,it adds"poetic and pictorial splendor"to the scenic spots and highlights the rich humanistic connotations.