多年生禾草皇竹草的综合利用研究进展

Advances in research on the comprehensive utilization of a perennial grass Pennisetum hydridum

因具有高产、速生、抗逆性强等生物学特性,被选作环境修复材料、优质饲草以及能源植物的皇竹草(Pennisetum hydridum)近年来备受关注.对国内外皇竹草在生态环境、畜禽饲料、清洁能源等领域的研究进展及应用情况进行综述,为皇竹草生物质资源的综合利用提供参考.已有研究表明,皇竹草在退化土壤修复、污水净化和入侵物种治理中均能发挥重要作用,可以高效富集土壤重金属、去氮除磷、取代外来入侵物种等.青饲、干草、氨化和青贮是皇竹草饲料化利用的主要方式,其中青贮利用可均衡营养,缓解冬春饲料短缺.通过热解燃烧、沼气发酵和乙醇发酵可实现皇竹草向生物能源的转化,生物量和纤维含量是影响其能源利用潜力的关键,也是制作纤维板、纳米纤维素膜、食用菌培养基的基础.最后分析皇竹草研究目前存在的问题,强调未来应注重优化工艺技术,拓展皇竹草生物质资源综合利用途径,并提出环境修复材料皇竹草在收获后可作为优质饲草、能源植物以及其他工业原料加以利用,产生的废渣可加工为有机肥的一种综合利用模式.

Because of its biological characteristics of large biomass,fast growth,and strong resistance,Pennisetum hydridum has raised public concern in recent years.In this review,the recent advances and applications of P.hydridum in the fields of ecological environment,livestock feedstuff,bioenergy,and other aspects are summarized,which could benefit the comprehensive utilization of P.hydridum biomass resources.The results demonstrated the importance of P.hydridum for remediating degraded soil,purifying sewage,and controlling invasive species;therefore,heavy metals,nitrogen and phosphorus,and invasive species can be effectively removed by P.hydridum.The main approaches for forage utilization are green fodder,hay,ammonification,and ensiling.Among these,ensiling achieves a balanced nutrition and alleviates deficiencies in livestock during spring and winter.Pyrolysis and combustion,biogas fermentation,and bioethanol fermentation convert P.hydridum to bioenergy.Biomass and cellulose content are the key factors affecting the energy utilization potential and are the basis for developing fiberboard,nanocellulose membrane,and edible fungus culture medium.Finally,this study analyzed the existing problems in current studies,emphasizing the optimization of technology and expanding the utilization approaches of P.hydridum biomass resources in the future.A comprehensive utilization mode of biomass resource of P.hydridum was introduced,including using this harvested environmental phytoremediation material as a high-quality forage,energy plant,as well as a source of other industrial products,thus changing waste residue into organic fertilizer.