论刑事之诉的类型和效力

The Type and Validity of the Criminal Action

刑事诉讼制度的改革和发展,带来了刑事诉讼形态的多元化。与传统的诉讼客体理论不同,我们从诉权行使方式出发,提出了刑事之诉的概念,并根据诉讼主体、诉讼客体和诉讼理由的不同,把刑事之诉分为四种形态:一是"对人之诉",二是"对物之诉",三是"程序之诉",四是"精神病人强制医疗之诉"。其中,对人之诉又被分为"定罪之诉"和"量刑之诉";对物之诉被分为"民事对物之诉"和"刑事对物之诉";程序之诉则被细分为"程序申请之诉"和"程序异议之诉"。刑事之诉一旦提起,就可以对诉讼对象具有特定化的效果,既确定了另一方抗辩的范围,也限定了法院的裁判范围,对刑事诉讼程序的进程具有直接的影响,对法院的裁判具有实质性的约束。

The devolopment and reform of criminal procedure system have brought the diversification of criminal procedure forms.Different from the traditional theory of the object of action,we put forward the concept of criminal action from the way of exercising the right of action.According to the difference of the subject,object and reason of the right of action,we divide the action into four forms:"the action in personam","the action in rem","the action in procedure",and"the action in compulsory medical treatment of mental patients".The action in personam can be divided into the action in conviction and the action in sentencing.The action in rem can be classified into the civil action in rem and the criminal action in rem.And the action in procedure can be distinguished into the action of putting in an application and the action of putting in an objection.Once a criminal action is pursued,the object of action can be specialized.It not only determines the scope of the defense,but also limits the court’s judgment.What’s more,it also has a direct impact on the process of criminal procedure,and has substantive constraints on court’s judgment.