“书”类文献札记五则

Five Notes on the Shu(书)Literature

先秦"书"类文献在流传过程中产生了不少讹字,通过借助楚地竹书对讹字的分析可知《尚书》在当时的流传情况,并得出以下结论:伏生所藏的竹简《尚书·金縢》与壁中古文《金縢》并为齐系文字所书;周室衰微,孔子搜集、编次《尚书》之时残存了一些西周古体,这些古体在孔子后学的传承中部分地发生了讹误,这种写本有些被藏入孔子壁中,还有一些传至伏生,在汉初写定,古今文部分篇目同出一脉;孔门所传《尚书》文本有些至入藏壁中时尚不误,伏生写定时始误;《君奭》今古文一系,在孔子后学中传至战国时发生讹误,遂致今古文同误;今传本古文《尚书·囧命》之"囧",古文本作"■",而今文作"囧",是"■"之讹文"臩"字音近替换的结果。

There were many erroneous characters in the pre-Qin shu(书)literature during the transmission process.By analyzing the erroneous characters in the bamboo books of Chu,we can know the current situation of the book and draw the following conclusions: the bamboo slips Jinteng, Shang shu (《尚书·金縢》) collected by Fusheng and the ancient text Jinteng (《金縢》) in the wall of old house ofConfucius were written with the characters of Qi family. The Zhou dynasty declined, some ancientstyles of the Western Zhou Dynasty remained when Confucius collected and compiled Shang shu(《尚书》). These ancient styles are partly mistaken in the inheritance of Confucius’ Students. And Someof these ancient writings were hidden in the walls of the old house of Confucius, while others werehanded down to Fusheng( 伏生). Some of these Shang shu( 《尚书》) didn’t make any mistakeswhen they were hidden in the walls, and mistake occurred until Fusheng copied them. Thepresent and the ancient texts of Junshi (《君奭》) originally came from the same source, but therewere errors when they were handed down to the Warring States period among Confucius’ students,which resulted in the same mistakes in the present and the ancient texts. In the present ancient textJiongming, Shang shu (《尚书·囧命》), the she ( ■) is the original of the ancient text, while thepresent one is jiong( 囧). The present text is the result of homophone substitution of jiong( 臩) inthe erroneous text of she( ■).